The methods applied for yield increases per unit animal are also progressing rapidly, along with the rapid progress of agricultural and animal production in parallel with the rapidly developing population and the food demand. The increase in animal products increases the environmental impacts per unit of animal product. With the increase in animal wastes in recent years, greenhouse gas emissions have increased even more, thus negatively affecting the environment and animal health. In order to prevent this negative effect, sustainable methods and strategic measures related to animal feeding and care are important in order to reduce the emission of harmful greenhouse gases. Methane, which is the second most important greenhouse gas, is found in large amounts in the atmosphere as a molecule, the accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere more than CO₂ increases the interest in this subject. Different practices related to the nutrition of ruminant animals (use of feed additives, feeding strategies) in order to optimize rumen conditions and increase productivity per unit animal is a developing area. Sharing this information with animal breeders will also benefit the environment, and therefore human and animal health, in terms of reducing both methane and nitrogen emissions. In ruminant animals, it can cause a loss of 2-12% of the gross energy taken with the feed so that the methane gas can be removed from the body. There are many studies on feeding to reduce nitrogen losses in faeces and urine, which cause methane emissions for ruminants, and many of these studies still do not reach a permanent conclusion. The reduction in enteric CH₄ emissions to be made must be tailored to the specific needs of farmers and livestock, and to be cost-effective. In our study, it is aimed to compile animal feeding strategies and reduction of methane emissions under different conditions.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of two different cage systems (enriched and conventional) and low and high stocking densities on performance, egg quality and egg shell microorganisms. In study, two different genotypes were used to native (Atak-S) and foreign (Lohmann) hens occurred of 864 hens used. As the cage system, the battery type was used in the conventional system and the enriched cage type was used in the alternative system. The results indicated that genotype and cage system significantly affected egg production and egg mass in the laying period (18-76 weeks). It was determined that Lohmann genotype and conventional cages had significantly higher egg production and egg mass in this period. It was seen that hens consumed significantly higher feed in enriched cages than in conventional cages, and were significantly better feed conversion ratio in low stocking density compared to high stocking density. The effects of genotype and cages system on the quality characteristics of eggs were found to be significant, and it was determined quality characteristics of Lohmann eggs were better (especially eggshell quality. In addition, it was understood that the internal quality of the eggs in the conventional cages and the external quality characteristics of the eggs in the enriched system were positively affected. The total numbers of microorganisms were determined to be higher on shell of eggs from enriched cages than conventional cages. The total numbers of microorganisms were higher in enriched cage eggs compared to conventional cage eggs. However, stocking density was not a significant effect on the microbial load of the eggshell.

Iron (Fe) deficiency in plants is one of the widespread problems limiting agricultural production. Generating crops more tolerant to Fe deficiency by genetic engineering or breeding is of great interest but challenging due to the knowledge gaps in general plant Fe homeostasis. Although several genes involved in Fe homeostasis have been identified, characterization of their roles is mainly limited to specific organs at specific developmental stages of the plant, where their mutants show the most striking phenotype. Vacuolar Iron Transporter 1 (VIT1) is a well-known gene that has been characterized for its function in the mature seed of Arabidopsis thaliana. VIT1 is an Fe transporter that determines the correct distribution of Fe storage in this organ. The study aimed to explore new physiological functions for VIT1. As a first step, Arabidopsis thaliana plants that contain PromoterVIT1: GUS constructs were used to study the temporal and spatial expression of the gene throughout the plant’s lifecycle. GUS histochemical staining revealed the VIT1 promoter is active in the mature leaves and mature reproductive organs. VIT1 promoter activity in the stamen increased developmentally and was limited to tapetum and guard cells in the pollen sac. In the female organ, VIT1 promoter activity increased as the pistil developed into a silique. Although all the silique exhibited staining, staining density was higher in the peduncle, replum, and stigma regions. Inside the developing silique, funicles were heavily stained. Furthermore, in silico analyses of VT1 transcriptome and protein levels confirmed flower and the silique are hot spots for VT1 activity. Thus, the results may suggest a possible involvement of VT1 protein in several stages of the reproductive system, specifically in the flowering and in the fruit development.

Organic Agricultural products are natural food products that are checked and certified by authorized institutions at all stages of cultivation and presented to the consumer. In this study, the knowledge and practices of soil agriculture farmers in Amasya province about Organic Agriculture production were investigated by face-to-face survey method. In the survey, the local producers were asked what Organic Agriculture is in general, their status of producing Organic Agriculture, whether they fulfill the Organic Agriculture requirements for Organic Agriculture production. The obtained data were presented numerically and proportionally. Data were also analyzed with the Decision Tree method using the CART (Classification and Regression Tree) algorithm. According to the findings, although the local farmers declared that they knew what Organic Agriculture was at a high level, it was seen that none of the producers fulfilled the requirements of Organic Agriculture in practice. According to the survey data, while the farmers reported that they received the information about Organic Agriculture from TV-radio and the internet to a large extent (58.5%), a very small percentage (11%) stated that they received training. According to this result, it has been concluded that the local farmers do not have enough information about Organic Agriculture, but the lack of information can be easily eliminated via TV-radio and the internet. As a result, it was concluded that Amasya farmers do not have sufficient information about Organic Agriculture production for now, but if appropriate training is provided, successful Organic Agriculture production output can be achieved.

Bu araştırmada, Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Yozgat Avcılık ve Yaban Hayatı Şube Müdürlüğü Üretim İstasyonunda 1240 metre rakımda yetiştirilen 42 haftalık yaşta olan Beç Tavuklarına (Numidae meleagris) ait 200 adet yumurta kullanılmıştır. Bireysel yumurta ağırlıkları ile birlikte, 5184×3456 piksel boyutunda 72 piksel/inç çözünürlükte görüntüleme yapılmıştır. Elde edilen görüntüler üzerinden ortalama Objektif Alan (16,07 cm2), Çevre (15,82 cm), Dairesellik (0,81), Yükseklik (5,17 cm), Genişlik (4,04 cm), Gri Değeri (82,82), Taban Yarıçapı (2,02 cm), Uzun yarı yüksekliği (2,96 cm), Kısa yarı yükseklik (2,20 cm) değerleri sayısal görüntü analizleri yapılarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler üzerinden ortalama Elongasyon (1,28), Şekil İndeksi (78,27) hesaplanmıştır. Bireysel yumurta ağırlıkları kullanılarak ortalama yüzey alanı (55,43 cm2), boy (5,16 cm), en (3,77 cm), elongasyon (1,37), şekil indeksi (73,01), hacim (40,14 cm3), yüzey/hacim oranı (1,38), kabuk ağırlığı (3,17 g), kabuk kalınlığı (0,28 mm), gözenek sayıları (6666,25; 5132,39; 5011,12 adet), gözenek yoğunlukları (120,32; 92,56; 90,31), sarı oranı (14,85), sarı ağırlık (5,95 g), ak ağırlığı (30,75 g), ak oranı (77,21) gibi parametreler hesaplanmıştır. Gri değeri bakımından yumurtalar 90, Şekil indeksi bakımından yumurtalar 79 ve ağırlık bakımından 43 olacak şekilde 3 gruba ayrılmış, her grubun diğer özellikler üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak elde edilen verilerin bilimsel çalışmalarda kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

The study aims to report the ethnobotanical significance of medicinal plants for the treatment of various diseases, phytochemical constituents of those plants, their allelopathic effect, and impact of those plants on the socioeconomic aspect in Gulmi and Okhaldhunga district of Nepal. Altogether 41 species of medicinal plants from two areas were documented, using a semi-structured questionnaire. They have been using those species for the treatment of different ailment ranging from gastrointestinal problems, respiratory tract related problems, cuts and wounds, and dermatological problems. 18 of the potentially valuable medicinal plants were brought for performing secondary metabolites tests in methanol extract. The extracts have shown the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, oil and protein, out of which alkaloid was found to be present in every sample. In contrast, only 5 possessed protein. Out of 18 plant extracts, 11 most valued ones were isolated to carry out allelopathy tests on mungbean seed. Only the control treatment bored germination of the mungbean with full radicle and plumule development. This study also reports the impact of the use of medicinal plants in people’s daily life.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves the uptake of nutrients and water to the plants through mutual symbiosis. Only AMF produces glomalin related soil protein (GRSP). Acaulospora morroaiae, Glomus luteum, Glomus verruculosum, Glomus versiforme are the effective glomalin producing AMFs. Mixed primary forest, tropical rainforest, soil organic matter, clay soil, no tillage, quality and quantity of fertilizers, crop rotation, and water stable aggregates are also suitable to increase glomalin production. Glomalin is a glycoprotein that contains 30–40% carbon (C) which is assumed to be stable and persistent in soil. The glomalin can sequestrate more carbon in the soil due to its high carbon and aggregate stability. Greater aggregate stability leads to high organic carbon protection in terrestrial ecosystems. The lowest glomalin content (0.007 mg per gram soil) was found in Antarctic region, and the highest glomalin content (13.50 mg per gram soil) was observed in tropical rainforest. In agricultural soil, glomalin content varies between 0.30 and 0.70 mg per gram soil. The GRSP containing soil organic carbon (SOC) in deeper soil layers was 1.34 to 1.50 times higher than in surface layers. Glomalin can sequestrate 0.24 Mg C ha-1 in soil when present at 1.10±0.04 mg g-1. At elevated CO2 (700 µmol mol-1) level, easily extractable glomalin (EEG) and total glomalin (TG) were 2.76 and 5.67% SOC in the surface soil layer over ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) level. This finding indicates the effective function of GRSP C sequestration in soil under global environmental change scenarios. Glomalin can also protect labile carbon that can help regulating nutrient supply to the plants. No tillage practice causes higher AMF hyphal length, GRSP and water stable aggregate (WSA) compared to that of conventional tillage practice. The current review demonstrated that GRSP is an important tool for carbon storage in deep soils. Glomalin mediates soil aggregates, improves soil quality, increases carbon sequestration and crop production, and mitigates climate change.

Bu çalışmada, Niğde İli Damızlık Sığır Yetiştiricileri Birliğine üye büyükbaş hayvancılık işletmelerinden sabah ve akşam toplayarak işleme tesislerine sattığı sütün kalite değerlerinin korunmasını esas alan bir toplama ve taşıma modelini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma kapsamında birliğe üye 19 hayvancılık işletmesinden 12 ay boyunca ayda 2 kez çiğ süt numuneleri alınmış ve birliğin laboratuvarında teknik personellerce analizleri yapılmıştır. Analizlerde yağ, protein, yağsız kuruma madde, toplam kuru madde ve laktoz değerlerinin yanı sıra somatik hücre ve toplam bakteri sayısı ölçüm değerleri toplanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda sütler toplam bakteri yüküne göre dört farklı tipe ayrılmıştır. Hayvancılık işletmelerinin coğrafi konumları ve belirlenen süt tipine göre toplama rotaları oluşturulmuştur. Bu kapsamda önerilen model “Tank Bazında Bölünebilir Talepli Matematiksel Model” olup GAMS 23.4.3 versiyonunda CPLEX 12.1.0 Solver’ı kullanılarak çalıştırılmış ve optimum süt toplama rotaları oluşturulmuştur. Planlama 19 süt üreten büyükbaş hayvancılık işletmesinden Toplam Bakteri Sayısı esasına göre belirlenen 4 farklı tipteki sütün Toplama Merkezine belirli kısıtlar altında taşınmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Son yıllarda yaşanan süt arzındaki artış işleme tesislerinin daha seçici davranmalarına imkân vermiştir. Bunun sonucu olarak daha temiz ve kaliteli sütü alma konusundaki kriterleri artırmıştır. Ayrıca bu işletmeler kalite değerleri yüksek süte daha fazla ücret ödemeyi de kabul etmektedirler. Niğde Damızlık Sığır Yetiştiricileri Birliği’nin işleme tesisleri ile yaptığı kalite bazlı sözleşmeler sonucu yeni toplama modellerini uygulanması zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Bundan sora yapılacak çalışmalarda hayvancılık işletmesinden alınan sütün nihai ürün olarak tüketiciye gidinceye kadarki süreçte izlenebilirliği oldukça önemli bir çalışma konusu olacaktır.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Aspergillus niger strain and inoculum level on the nutritional composition of olive leaves. The experiment had a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments with two A. niger strains (ATCC 200345 [A] and ATCC 9142 [B]) and three inoculum levels (104, 106, and 108). Olive leaves were milled to 2 mm and fermented in solid-state by two different A. niger strains and analysed for nutritional composition. Crude protein (CP) was increased linearly as the inoculum level increased. Ether extract (EE) and crude fiber (CF) were decreased linearly in A strain or quadratically in B strain with increased inoculum levels. Crude ash and nitrogen-free extract content did not differ among groups. Strain A increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) at higher inoculum level, whereas NDF was decreased as inoculum level increased in B strain. The lowest acid detergent fiber (ADF) was obtained from the B strain or 106 inoculum level. The results showed that the effect of two strains on CP and ADF changed similarly with increased inoculum levels. However, two strains affected EE, CF, and NDF content differently with increased inoculum levels. The optimal situations were 108 inoculum level for higher CP, A104 or B104 for higher EE, B106 for lower CF, B106 or B108 for lower NDF, 106 inoculum level or B strain for lower ADF. B strain at 106 inoculation level can be preferred to obtain an average CP and EE content and lower CF, NDF, and ADF content.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on eating habits, and lifestyles including sleeping and smoking habits, and physical activity of the Turkish population aged >15 years using a web-survey. The survey was conducted from the 5th of August to the 4th of October 2020 by using an online platform and disseminated through institutional and private social networks (Facebook and WhatsApp) and institutional mailing lists. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information, anthropometric data, changes in dietary habits, and changes in lifestyle habits. The total number of participants was 1020 in the study and 71.1% of them are female, and 80% of the participants were in the 20-59 age range. More than half of the participants (67.42%) declared that their eating habits and lifestyles changed during the Covid-19 pandemic. Most of the participants (63%) declared that there is no special food that can improve their immunity against the Covid-19. Contrary to them, most of those who added certain foods to their diets or increased the consumption of certain foods to improve the immunity (39.8%), declared that they got that information from social media such as Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp. In particular smoking habits did not change and sleep hours increased during the Covid-19 period. Concerning physical activity, no significant difference was found between the percentage of people before and during the Covid-19 period.