Sainfoin (Fabaceae) is one of the most critical animal forage crops. However, the tolerance of sainfoin is low against to salinity. This study aims to investigate biochemical responses of the shoot and root tissue of sainfoin seedlings to moderate salt stress under in vitro conditions. For this aim, the seed of sainfoin were sown MS medium containing 100 mM NaCl. Antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, APX, and GR), proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured in shoot and root tissue of 35-day-old seedlings of sainfoin. A significantly higher constitutive catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in shoot tissues when compared to root tissues. Overall, salt stress caused significant more enhancement in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, APX, and GR) in shoot tissues than root tissue. On the other hand, among the antioxidant enzymes, SOD seems to be more active in both tissues of sainfoin. Interestingly, the activity of GR reduced in both tissue under salt stress. The content of proline and MDA has been increased under salt stress and this increase has been more in the root tissue. This study has revealed biochemical responses to salt stress in different organs of sainfoin.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is commonly used as an antioxidant and antimicrobial additive during wine production. Nowadays, consumers preferred foods treated with natural preservatives. The aims this study was to determine the effects of different natural plant extracts as an alternative of sulphur dioxide used in wines. Wine production was done according to the accepted conventional method of red wines (Cabernet sauvignon). The experimental design was achieved by using different plant extracts (grape pomace, rosemary and blueberry) at different concentrations. As control groups were used wine samples produced without addition of SO2. At the end of production basic oenological analyses (total acidity, volatile acidity, pH, dry matter, ash, free and total SO2) and specific wine analyses (total phenols, total flavanols, tartaric ester content and antioxidant activity) were performed. Results demonstrated that each used plant exact have different effects on wine quality parameters. The lowest concentrations of grape pomace extract caused reduction of SO2 and keeping the required wine properties. The highest value of antioxidant activities and total phenols were determined in the wine treated with 25 mg/L SO2 and 1 ml/L rosemary extract (in the 1st mount of storage) and 25 mg/L SO2 and 1 ml/L grape pomace extract (in the 2nd and 3rd mount of storage) as 89.92%, 5550.48 mg/l GAE; 88.51%, 5028.65 mg/l GAE; 88.42%, 4974.25 mg/l GAE, respectively. Results emphasized the importance of used plant extracts and their concentrations. The study demonstrated the possibilities of optimization of SO2 and wines phenols on the base of used natural plant extracts.

Current research work was carried out for the detection of potential bacterial pathogen and aflatoxigenic fungi Aspergillus spp. from grain comprising [Rice (5), Maize (5), Wheat (5), Khessari dal (5) and Anchora dal (5)] were collected from 3 different local markets of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. 15 bacterial isolates comprising 4 genera of bacteria were found from a total of 25 samples. The isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp. with 16%, 28%, 16% and 16% prevalence respectively. Antibiogram studies revealed that overall effective drugs against isolated bacteria were Ciprofloxacin followed by Gentamycin. But resistant drugs were Penicillin, Vancomycin, Erythromycin, Kanamycin, and Amoxicillin. The variation in the sensitivity of common antibiotic could be the result of extensive and indiscriminate use of these antibiotics. Aspergillus spp. was isolated from 4-grain samples with 16% prevalence. But aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. was isolated from 3 samples with 12% prevalence. From the wheat samples and maize, the aflatoxigenic fungus was isolated and their prevalence in maize, wheat was 40% and 20% respectively. Their early detection can help to take preventive measures to combat economic and health losses. The study showed that earlier detections can be made by simple traditional identifications using macro and micromorphological fungal features rather than adopting the time and cost consuming molecular identification techniques.

Listeria monocytogenes is a food pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a relevant disease in public health worldwide. The genus Listeria spp., corresponds to cosmopolitan bacteria and capable of surviving different adverse conditions, which increases the risk for the food to be contaminated at any stage of the food chain. Fish and fish products are foods of high production level and, due to their chemical or nutritional composition, are highly susceptible to deterioration and contamination by pathogens in their productive chain relating to cases of listeriosis. Derived from the incidence and human mortality due to causative agents of listeriosis, along with their resistance to antimicrobials, they have acquired a greater emphasis on human health, animal health and food industry, resulting in the implementation of safety systems such as good hygiene practices, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system, analytical methods and microbiological criteria, as some of the actions to contribute to the food safety and public health protection. The purpose of this review document is to provide, in a general way, aspects involved in foodborne illnesses, specifically listeriosis and its association with fish as a transmitting food, considering the prevention and control measures of this disease through food. It also includes aspects related to antimicrobial resistance by bacterial isolates obtained from fish, their implications and health risks.

Field studies were carried out in the localities of different altitudes and vegetation covers in the Hatay province in March-October 2018. Papilio demoleus was caught with insect net in the citrus orchards at Antakya and Reyhanlı. Cornifrons ulceratalis, Macaria alternata and Camptogramma bilineatum were caught mercury vapour light trap and white screen in different localities, at different elevations, in different climatic conditions, plant cover and sutface features in Erzin. Papilio demoleus was caught in the citrus gardens in the province of Hatay Reyhanlı district as a male and a female on 05.09.2018 and in Antakya district on 15.10.2018 as two male and three female individuals. This invasive species is widespread all over the world and has the potential to create substantial threat for citrus orchards in the Mediterranean region and in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in next years. As a result, Papilio demoleus (Papilionidae), Cornifrons ulceratalis (Crambidae), Macaria alternata and Camptogramma bilineatum (Geometridae) are new records for the lepidoptera fauna of Hatay.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Faselis F1 ve Karnaz F1 patlıcan çeşitlerinde kolhisin ve orizalinin in vitro rejenerasyon ortamında kullanılmasıyla tetraploid bitki elde etmektir. Araştırmada, yaprak eksplantları 10 µM BA ve 1 µM IAA içeren katı MS rejenerasyon ortamında 5 ve 7 gün bekletilmiştir. Ardından bu eksplantlara kolhisinin 2,5 ve 3,75 mM konsantrasyonları 8, 16 ve 32 saat süreyle; orizalinin ise 28,8 ve 43,2 µM konsantrasyonları 12, 24 ve 36 saat süreyle uygulanmış ve tekrar kolhisinsiz ve orizalinsiz rejenerasyon ortamına aktarılmıştır. Rejenerasyon ortamında oluşan kallus, tomurcuk veya kısa sürgünler 0,5 µM BA ile desteklenmiş MS ortamına alınarak bitkilerin oluşması sağlanmış ve ploidi seviyesi flow sitometri ile belirlenmiştir. Karnaz F1 çeşidinin eksplantlarına 3,75 mM kolhisin dozunun uygulaması sonucu, 2,5 mM’a göre daha yüksek tetraploid bitki oluşumu sağlanmıştır. Bu çeşitte uygulanan orizalin denemesinde ise en yüksek tetraploid bitki oluşumu, eksplantların 7 gün rejenerasyon ortamında bekletilmesinden sonra 43,2 µM orizalin konsantrasyonunun 24 saat uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Karnaz F1 çeşidinde kolhisin ve orizalin uygulamasından elde edilen tetraploid bitkilerde çiçek tozu canlılığı %76,99 ve %81,19, çimlenme %19,14 ve %17,98 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Faselis F1 çeşidinin rejenerasyon ortamında 7 gün bekletilen yaprak eksplantları 2,5 mM kolhisin konsantrasyonunda 8 ve 32 saat inkübe edildiğinde, diğer uygulamalara göre daha yüksek tetraploid bitki elde edilmiştir. Aynı çeşidin orizalin denemesinde, eksplantların 5 gün rejenerasyon ortamında bekletilmesi sonucu daha yüksek tetraploid bitki üretilmiştir. Faselis F1 çeşidinde kolhisin ve orizalin uygulamaları sonucu üretilen tetraploid bitkilerde çiçek tozu canlılığı %86,41 ve %95,68, çimlenme ise %26,54 ve %28,47 olarak belirlenmiştir.

Pothohar region of the Punjab, Pakistan is rain-fed with undulating topography. Soils of the area are predominantly loose with low water retention capacity and are vulnerable to erosion. Erratic and high intensity rainfall causes land erosion in the area producing gullies and gorges. Therefore, agriculture in the area faces twin menace of soil erosion and moisture stress. On-farm water control structures are among the important measures to control soil erosion and conserve moisture to enhance agriculture productivity. Present study was designed to evaluate the impact of these structures on soil moisture conservation and physio-chemical characteristics of soil in wheat growing fields. Wheat was sown in the fields, with and without structures during 2009 to 2013. It has been found that construction cost of such structures is about one-fourth that of conventionally used structures in the area whereas reduction in soil erosion has been observed up to 10% with 21% soil moisture conservation as compared to control. Soil fertility level improved significantly as a result of reduced run off and nutrient loss. A substantial improvement in wheat yield up to 15% due to increased fertility and moisture content was also recorded. These structures facilitated a safe disposal of surplus rain water which minimized the gully development, improved the soil structure, checked fertility loss and improved soil moisture retention.

In this study, the effects of two different irrigation regimes (IR100 and IR50) and three different mulch materials (grey, black, transparent and control) on the soil moisture and some pomological characteristics on strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa cv. Fortuna) were examined under Spanish type high tunnels which Turkey is the fourth producer in the world. As a result of the study, soil moisture content under the grey mulch (34.3%) in IR100 (397 mm) applications was highest during the vegetation period and it was followed by black (33.4%), transparent (27.3%) and control (23.9%) applications respectively. The control application is very close to the wilting point in IR50 (288 mm) irrigation regime and the water content increases with mulching via the highest moisture content is in grey (26.3%), black (24.9%) and transparent (23.8%). In addition to the increase in the yield of strawberries with increasing amount of irrigation water, the average fruit weight increased significantly. As well as positive effects such as weed control, soil moisture preservation, of mulching also the fruit size were significantly increased. It was determined that the best fruit sizes were obtained from plants using gray mulch, followed by black mulch which was widely used commercially. The lowest value was obtained from control parcels. The amount of water-soluble dry matter (WSDM) increased significantly with decreasing irrigation water. The mulch types used had no significant effect on WSMD, and the value varied between 7.9 and 8.2%. Even if the effect of irrigation levels on the fruit hardness is insignificant, it is determined that the increasing irrigation water has a positive effect on the hardness of the fruit. Consequently, the most effective agricultural application in different mulch and irrigation water applications is Gary IR100. However, it is important to evaluate this judgment economically in order to be offered to the producer.

Microbial and chemical contamination is one of the biggest environmental problems since exposure to pathogenic microorganisms, such as food poisoning bacteria and their biological by-products, are often associated with disease and allergic reactions. Paenibacillus lautus is an aerobic or facultative anaerobic opportunistic bacterial pathogen, which is found in a variety of sources. In this study, we isolated and characterized P. lautus from Niğde Province, which is a wastewater disposal area and therefore presents a great source of contamination. The bacterial isolate was grown, colony morphology and Gram-reactions were observed. Bacteria were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing analysis, which was performed using DNA samples isolated from pure cultures and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing results were compared against known bacterial strains using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) across databases. Antibiotic resistance against 20 different antibiotics and heavy metal resistance against different concentrations of zinc, copper, iron, cobalt, chromium and silver containing compounds were tested via disk diffusion method. Inhibition zones were examined and minimum inhibitory concentrations were recorded. Our results indicated that P. lautus was resistant to a certain set of antibiotics, while it was sensitive against others. Similarly, the bacteria were resistant against high concentrations of most metals tested. In summary, this study provided the first data regarding the isolation and characterization of Paenibacillus lautus strain from a local source in Turkey, which will account as preliminary data and guide our future efforts to fight against microbial contaminations.

Lamiaceae familyasına ait adaçayı ve dağ çayı Türkiye’de ticari öneme sahip tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerdir. Bu çalışmada, tuzlu koşullarda farklı selenyum dozlarının, adaçayı (Salvia officinalis L.) ve dağ çayı (Sideritis sp.)’nın morfolojik özellikleri üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Tuzsuz (0) ve tuzlu (250 mM NaCI/l) ortamda ve dört farklı selenyum dozu (5, 10, 20, 40 mg/l) uygulanmıştır. Deneme bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde üç tekrarlı olarak Tarla Bitkileri bölümü iklim odasında yürütülmüştür. İncelenen özellikler değerlendirildiğinde; adaçayında bitki boyu 15,56-23,85 cm, dal sayısı 10,50-12,78 adet/bitki, yaprak sayısı 52,78-92,00 adet/bitki, yaş yaprak ağırlığı 2,48-7,51 g/bitki, kuru yaprak ağırlığı 0,48-3,32 g/bitki, yaş kök ağırlığı 1,52-7,16 g/bitki, kuru kök ağırlığı 0,19-1,24 g/bitki, kök uzunluğu 26,18-36,07 cm, yaş gövde ağırlığı 1,13-7,15 g/bitki ve kuru gövde ağırlığı ise 0,13-0,38 g/bitki arasında değişmiştir. Dağ çayında ise bitki boyu 3,26-5,93 cm, dal sayısı 2,50-6,33 adet/bitki, yaprak sayısı 28,22-91,14 adet/bitki, yaş yaprak ve kuru yaprak ağırlıkları 2,42-11,03 ve 0,45-1,91 g/bitki, yaş ve kuru kök ağırlıkları 0,71-3,97 ve 0,18-0,74 g/bitki, kök uzunluğu 14,78-33,26 cm, yaş ve kuru gövde ağırlıkları ise 0,29-2,28 ve 0,12-0,41 g/bitki olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, tuzlu koşullarda 5 mg/l selenyum uygulaması ile her iki bitkide de yaş yaprak ağırlıkları bakımından yüksek değerlere ulaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte adaçayında kuru yaprak ağırlığı ile dağ çayında yaş kök ve yaş gövde ağırlıkları üzerine tuzlu koşullarda selenyum uygulamalarının olumlu etkilerinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda ise her iki bitkide de incelenen özellikler bakımından özellikle dağ çayında kuru yaprak ağırlığı ile diğer özellikler arasında olumlu korelasyonlar bulunmuştur.