Bu çalışma, Hatay ili kırsalında halk elinde yetiştirilen pekin ördeklerine ait yumurtaların matematiksel formüller kullanılarak bazı iç ve dış kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada 417 adet pekin ördeği yumurtası kullanılmış ve tartımla bireysel yumurta ağırlık değerleri baz alınarak matematiksel formüller yardımıyla yumurta boyu ve eni, yumurta yüzey alanı, yumurta kabuk ağırlığı ve kalınlığı, gözenek sayısı, yumurta sarı oranı değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Yumurta ağırlığına göre hesaplanan ortalama yumurta boyu 62,48 mm, yumurta eni 43,76 mm, kabuk kalınlığı 0,358 mm, kabuk ağırlığı 6,03 g, yumurta yüzey alanı 81,23 cm2, gözenek sayısı-1 8.915,29 adet, gözenek sayısı-2 7.993,13 adet, gözenek sayısı-3 8.934,70 adet ve sarı oranı %37,68 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca yumurta dış kalite özelliklerinden şekil indeksi %69,69, elongasyon 1,436, yumurta hacmi 66,38 cm3, gözenek yoğunluğu-1 109,89, gözenek yoğunluğu-2 98,34, gözenek yoğunluğu-3 109,74 gözenek sayısı/cm2 ve kabuk oranı değeri %8,48, yumurta iç kalite özelliklerinden sarı ağırlığı 26,78 g, ak ağırlığı 38,26 g ve ak oranı %53,85 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak Hatay ilinde halk elinde yetişen pekin ördeklerine ait yumurtaların dış ve iç kalite özellikleri yumurta bütünlüğü bozulmadan ortaya konulmuştur.

In this study, the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were fed rich canola oil which is containing monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and rich cottonseed oil which is containing n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and the effects of these feeds on some hematological parameters were investigated. Experimental fish were fed two times daily with 100% fish oil (FO-control), 100% cottonseed oil (CSO), 100% canola oil (CO) and 50% CSO - 50% CO (CSO50-CO50) for 162 days. End of the experiment, total erythrocyte (RBC) amount was highest in the CSO group 269.0 x (104 mm3 -1) compared to all other groups. Leukocyte (WBC) 96.280 x (103 mm3 -1), monocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil amounts showed significant increases in only CSO group. Therefore, in terms of fish health and welfare, the exclusive use of cottonseed oil without mixing with the other vegetable oils in sea bass diet formulation can be a viable alternative to fish oil since it has the most suitable fatty acids.

The study performed the metal bioaccumulations in seven plant species from Giresun city. A total 140 specimens were collected from two stations (Station A; 40° 48’ N, 38° 19’ E, Station B; 50° 54’ N, 38° 26’ E) from March 2012 to September 2012. Plant samples were dissected, homogenized and dried at 105°C for 24 hours. An approximately 0.25 g sample of each plant leaf was digested with Cem Mars 5 microwave oven. After cooling, the residue was transferred to 50 ml volumetric flasks and diluted to level with deionized water. Before analysis, the samples were filtered through a 0.45 µm filter. All samples were analyzed (as mg kg-1 dry weight) three times for cobalt chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc by ICP-MS. A logarithmic transformation was done on the data to improve normality. One way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests were performed to test the differences among metal levels of species. Concentrations of metals in the examined species ranged from 0.05 to 1.80 for cobalt, 0.14 to 3.24 for chromium, 2.33 to 28.1 for copper, 38.9 to 533 for iron, 1.81 to 64.6 for manganese, 0.81 to 18.9 for nickel, 0.32 to 6.22 for lead and 14.3 to 536 for zinc, in mg kg-1 respectively. Iron had the highest concentrations in all examined plant species in both stations except Zn for Sambucus ebulus in Station B. Second highest metal was zinc after iron. On the other hand, cobalt had lowest levels than other metals. The differences among metal levels in plant species were statistically significant. Maximum Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes (PTWI) in edible plant species were calculated.

Ventilation is one of the methods used to obtain the biological optimal point of environmental factors needed for the plants in greenhouses. In the greenhouses, air change coefficient must be more than 50 h-1 in order to supply effective air ventilation. Temperature differences like air change coefficient can be regarded as a criterion to determine efficiency of ventilation in the greenhouses. In this study, the temperature values were calculated by using energy balance and Bernoulli equation at different ventilation opening ratios (AV/AG) depending on climatic properties in the Mediterranean region (Antalya). If was found that, based on temperature and radiation values of Antalya province, 20% ventilation opening rate is sufficient in the roof area. A temperature difference (∆T) of 1K can be achieved with a 50% shading of radiation and a 20% ventilation opening in June in the Mediterranean region. However, additional cooling is necessary in the greenhouses around noon hours because outdoor temperature is greater than 30°C.

In this study, physical, chemical and microbiological properties of 50 raw bulk milk samples obtained from 5 different dairy plants in the Sivas were investigated. The pH, acidity, fat, non-fat dry-matter, total dry matter contents and density of raw milk samples were 4.89-6.70, 0.135-0.495%, 1.7-7.6%, 7.33-9.80%, 10.00-16.90%, and 1.0230-1.0312 g/mL, respectively. Fat content of the 26%, specific gravity of 28%, total dry matter of 32%, solids-non-fat of 58%, pH value of 84% of the milk samples were found lower whereas titratable acidity of 60% of the samples were determined higher than the values stated in the Turkish Food Codex and in the Raw Milk Standard. Total coliform bacteria counts of 30%, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts of 88%, and somatic cell counts of 40% of the samples were higher than 1100 MPN/mL, 100000 cfu/mL and 500000 cell/mL, respectively. Yeast-mold counts of 72% of the milk samples were found between 104-106 cfu/mL.

In this work, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Galium incanum, Galium dieckii ve Galium aladaghense were firstly reported. The essential oils were obtained from the all parts of the plant by hydrodistillation and analyzed by using GC-MS. Antimicrobial activity of synthezied essential oils was carried out against 5 pathogen bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (P. syringae) DC300, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhmurium (S. typhmurium) SL 1344 and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) ATCC 25175. According to the results, it was determined that isolated essential oils comprised of 61 compounds. Compounds of essential oils included that structure monoterpene (8.2%), monoterpenoid (14.75%) and sesquiterpene (14.75%). Unclassified compounds have been identified as other compounds. From the antimicrobial activity was observed that the isolated essential oil from Galium incanum, Galium dieckii ve Galium aladaghense exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against all gram negative and gram positive bacteria with diameter of inhibition zones ranging from 4.3 to 12.3 mm. Essential oil of Galium aladaghense indicated that high antimicrobial activity on all bacteria than Galium incanum and Galium dieckii.

Asma yaprak kıvırcıklık (grapevine leafroll) hastalığı geçmişten bu yana bağ virüs hastalıkları içerisinde ekonomik önem derecesi yüksek olan dünya çapında yayılım gösteren bir hastalıktır. Closterovirus cinsine ait virüs üyeleri içerisinde, Asma yaprak kıvırcıklık virüsü 1 (Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1) (GLRaV-1) en eski olanıdır. Bağlarda önemli verim kayıplarına neden olan bu virüs, özellikle yapraklarda kıvrılma simptomu ile tanımlanır. Nar bitkisi, ekonomik değeri yüksek bitkiler arasında yer almakta olup henüz az sayıda virüs hastalıkları tanımlanmış ancak son yıllarda yürütülen çalışmalarda bu bitkinin de GLRaV-1’in konukçusu olabileceği bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bağ ve narlardan elde edilen GLRaV-1 izolatlarının genomik olarak kıyaslanmasıdır. Bu amaçla, 2014 yılında Hatay ve Niğde illerinden toplanan asma ve nar örneklerinden total RNA ve dsRNA izolasyonları yapılmış, virüs genomuna özgü 2 farklı bölgenin (hareket (movement) proteini (p24) ve ısı şok (heatshock) proteinini (HSP70h) çoğaltan primerler kullanılarak RT-PCR ile analizleri yapılmış elde edilen ürünler klonlanmış ve sekans analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca Closterovirüs’ün HSP70h genine özgü dejenere primer kullanılarak DOP-PCR analizleri yapılmıştır. DNA dizi analizlerinin sonunda elde edilen kısmi genomun, BLAST analizleri yapıldıktan sonra filogenetik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonunda, yeni bir konukçu olduğu düşünülen nardan izole edilen GLRaV-1 izolatlarının asma izolatları ile kıyaslamalı olarak analiz edilmesi sağlanmış ve izolatlar arası yüksek oranda benzerlik olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

In this study were investigated that resistance to salinity, heavy metals, drought and calcerous stress in Savrun (Spinacea oleracea L.) spinach. For this aim, 5-6 leafed seedlings were exposed to NaCl (75, 150 and 225 mM); heavy metals (Fe, Ni and Zn 0.2 mg/L), drought (50%) and 0.2% CaCO3 applications for four weeks half-weekly which plants grown under controlled conditions. Depends on result chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total cclorophyll, carotenoids, β-caroten and lycopen increased in drought and CaCO3 treatments. Total soluble protein and GuPX activity were found higher in all stress treatments, proline content increased in NiCl2, 75 ve 150 mM NaCl treatments. While APX activity was higher in 75 mM NaCl and ZnCl2; CAT was higher in 150 mM NaCl and others stres treatments except drought. SOD activity were noted higher in drought, CaCO3 and 225 mM NaCl stresses groups. MDA content was lower in all treatments except FeCl3 and, H2O2 were lower in 225 mM NaCl and drought while it was higher in others. As a result, it was found that tolerance of Savrun spinach is higher to CaCO3 and drought but sensitivity of it is higher to 225 mM NaCl, ZnCl2 and FeCl3. Also it was determined that Savrun genotype is moderate tolerance to NiCl2 and 75 Mm NaCl. However parameters of tolerance to stress that treated on spinach seedling showed variability in Savrun spinach.

The aim of this study is to determine seasonally water quality characteristics irrigation ponds. Surface water samples were collected from three different sampling points in Yenice and Davutköy irrigation ponds (NW Turkey) for four different seasons. The parameters of dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, electrical conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, total hardness, chloride and sodium adsorption rate (SAR) were investigated for Yenice and Davutköy irrigation water quality. According the national and international water quality standards, physicochemical parameters were determined under permissible level. In addition, sampling ponds are located C1−S1 class of ABD salinity diagrams. This result means that salinity and sodium values of water are suitable for ecological system and can be using for irrigation. Furthermore, the microbial quality of irrigation water for the ponds were determined that rate of mesophyll and psychotropic bacteria are connected with temperature. It is detected that the term of low temperature is high level of psychotropic bacteria and the term of high temperature increase the number of mesophyll bacteria. Pearson correlation analysis between the results of the statistical psychotropic aerobic count and temperature significant was found a strong negative correlation (r= -0,635). Fecal pollution indicator as the number of E.coli stations in Davutköy pond in the summer sampling were determined 110 cfu/100ml and 50 cfu/100ml, respectively. E.coli was not detected other stations and sampling time. Finally, according to obtained analysis results are determined that water qualities for Yenice and Davutköy ponds are suitable for agriculture activities.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with different ecological niches are widely seen in fermented meat, vegetables, dairy products and cereals as well as in fermented beverages. Lactic acid bacteria are the most important group of bacteria in dairy industry due to their probiotic characteristics and fermentation agents as starter culture. In the taxonomy of the lactic acid bacteria; by means of rep-PCR, which is the analysis of repetitive sequences that are based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence, it is possible to conduct structural microbial community analyses such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA fragments of different sizes cut with enzymes, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymorphic DNA amplified randomly at low temperatures and Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphism (AFLP)-PCR of cut genomic DNA. Besides, in the recent years, non-culture-based molecular methods such as Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Thermal Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE), and Fluorescence In-situ Hybridization (FISH) have replaced classical methods once used for the identification of LAB. Identification of lactic acid bacteria culture independent regardless of the method will be one of the most important methods used in the future pyrosequencing as a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques. This paper reviews molecular-method based studies conducted on the identification of LAB species in dairy products.