Today, environmental issues are rapidly increasing due to the growing population, rapid and unplanned urbanization, industrialization pressure, and advancing technology. Consequently, there is an accelerated search for solutions to environmental problems. As in the formation of these problems, humans will be a key factor in solving them. Therefore, individuals need to be developed and equipped in terms of environmental awareness, environmental consciousness, and environmental sensitivity. Many studies in the literature advocate the necessity of education to increase environmental awareness; however, first and foremost, individuals’ environmental awareness must be identified and their levels must be revealed. In this study, noise pollution, which has been increasingly impactful in the last 30 years and is ranked as the second-highest burden of disease by the World Health Organization after air pollution, with less awareness compared to other environmental issues, is evaluated. In this context, the research area is selected as the Çukurova District of Adana Province, and the awareness of noise pollution among the residents in the region is assessed through survey forms and SPSS software. Additionally, using the survey results, the proportional values of noise pollution as the most significant environmental issue are evaluated as spatial analysis and mapped.

Plant fungal disease pathogens cause significant yield and quality losses in onion growing areas. In addition to yield losses, they cause negative effects that reduce the quality and export potential of the product, resulting in significant economic losses during harvest, post-harvest, processing and marketing stages. In recent years, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a rapid, cost-effective, reproducible, and powerful technique for identifying microorganisms, and its impact on microbiological diagnosis has transformed workflow in equipped laboratories. In this study, proteomic analyzes were performed on Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species isolated from onion growing areas in Hatay, Amasya, and Tokat provinces. After extraction of mycelium from single spore cultures of the isolates with ethanol-formic acid, the spectra of the individual fungal isolates were determined using the Flex control software program. These spectra were compared with Maldi Biotyper Real-Time Classification (RTC) and identification was performed. Of 519 different fungal isolates, 435 representative fungal isolates (83.8%)  were identified by MALDI TOF MS. Eighty-four fungal isolates could not be identified because they were not in a satisfactory range of purity and identification. Of the 435 isolates, 269 (61.8%) were identified as Fusarium spp., 80 isolates (18.4%) were identified as Alternaria spp., 60 isolates (13.8%) as Aspergillus spp., and 26 isolates (6.0%) as Penicillium spp. Among the fungal isolates, 72.5% of the Fusarium isolates, 78.8% of the Alternaria isolates, 90.0% of the Aspergillus isolates and 84.6% of the Penicillium isolates were identified as “highly probable” species with score values between 2.000-3.000 (green color). These species are Alternaria alternata, Alternaria infectoria, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium commune and Penicillium glabrum. The results clearly demonstrate that MALDI TOF MS biotyping may be used as a highly reliable and economical diagnostic method for routine diagnosis of diseases caused by Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species.

The oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.), also known as wild olive, is a small fruit with three parts: the outer peel or exocarp layer, the edible part or mesocarp layer, and the inner seed or endocarp layer. The mesocarp layer is rich in essential vitamins and has great potential for use in various food products. The flour made from the mesocarp layer has a moisture content of 8.99%, an ash content of 2.66%, a fat content of 0.55%, a protein content of 5.99%, a crude fiber content of 3.32%, and a total dietary fiber (TDF) content of 26.36%. The TDF content is divided into insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF), which are 21.35% and 5.01%, respectively. The flour has color values of L*: 75.14, a*: 2.86, b*: 23.87, and a water activity value of 0.314. The water solubility, water absorption, and oil absorption are 67.33%, 4.91 g water/g sample, and 2.26 g oil/g sample, respectively. Additionally, the mesocarp layer contains minerals such as Mg, P, K, Ca, Fe, and Na. The mesocarp layer significantly affected the thermomechanical properties of wheat flour. As the substitution level of the mesocarp layer increased from 10 to 30%, the water absorption capacity, dough development time and stability time of the wheat dough significantly decreased. Specifically, the water absorption capacity dropped from 53.5% to 47%, dough development time reduced from 1.10 to 0.75 min, and stability time decreased from 8.90 to 2.25 min. Substituting a mesocarp layer in wheat flour can significantly improve product shelf-life due to slower retrogradation. The mesocarp layer is an functional ingredient in the food industry.

Renewing and reuniting the regions of cities that have become collapse areas with the city; urban renewal, which enables the city to be restored, is a term frequently used today. These collapsed areas need to be physically and socially renewed and revitalized. The main purpose of urban renewal studies is to reintegrate the isolated living spaces with the city. This integration should be realized not only physically and economically, but also socially and culturally. Kreuzberg Region in Germany suffered great damage in the World War II and turned into a depression zone over time. The “Protective City Renewal” method, which has been applied in the region since 1961, has an important place in urban renewal studies with its 12 basic principles. Urban renewal works in Tepebağ-Kayalıbağ neighborhoods, which constitute the historical city center in Adana province, are still at the very beginning of the process. Several projects have been carried out within the scope of street rehabilitation studies in the area, but these are thought to be insufficient. The aim of this study is to evaluate the “Protective City Renewal” method and to conduct an experiment on how the 12 principles of this method can be applied to the Tepebağ-Kayalıbağ section, which is an important historical texture to be preserved in Adana.

Black cumin has been used in many countries for the treatment of diseases such as cancer and diabetes, and for thousands of years as a spice, flavoring in products such as bread, and as a food preservative in pickles. Too much delay in the sowing of black cumin has a negative effect on plant growth. In order to determine the most suitable sowing dates for different black cumin genotypes, an experiment was conducted in the open-field conditions of the Eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye at Çukurova University, for two years, in 2020 and 2021, in three different sowing dates (October 15th, November 01st, and November 15th) with three different black cumin genotypes (Çameli cultivar (G1), Adana population (G2) and Iraq population (G3)). The findings of this research demonstrated significant differences in the agronomic characteristics and overall quality of black cumin. The main components were p-cymene (51.45%-66.33%), trans-4-Methoxythujane (8.40%-11.90%), thymoquinone (0.11%-19.26%), γ-Terpinene (1.28%-9.09%), and limonene (2.93%-4.50%). The main fatty acids were determined as linoleic acid (53.97%-57.56%), oleic acid (20.98-26.40), and palmitic acid (13.73%-15.02%). Consequently, the low number of flowers and the high temperatures observed in May, along with the early spring frosts, negatively affected the fertilization of the flowers. The seed yield was adversely affected because some of the seeds could not mature.

Diabetes is an alarming global systemic metabolic disorder that can pose a major threat to patients. The serious consequences of cigarette smoking on the diabetic kidney are not well known among people in different countries. According to different studies, smoking enhances albuminuria in diabetic patients. On the other hand, urinary albumin is a sensitive indicator of glomerular injury. The abnormal trans-glomerular passage of albumin may be seen due to increased permeability of the glomerular capillary wall and their subsequent impaired reabsorption by the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. Smoking with hyperglycemia increases lipid accumulation and oxidative stress, which mainly up-regulates TGF-β, accumulates AGEs, reduces nitric oxide production, and eventually causes glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial expansion that results in the development of glomerulosclerosis and nephropathy. The complex interaction between cigarette smoking and diabetic mellitus poses multiple challenges for researchers, physicians, and patients. Therefore, the present review article aims to find out the feasible consequences for the kidney of a diabetic patient due to the habit of cigarette smoking which may be useful for academicians and researchers in the future.

Güvenilir gıdaya sürdürülebilir koşullarda ulaşılabilmesi için değişen dünya ve çevre koşullarında tarımsal üretim yapılması, teknolojik ve mekanizasyon kullanımını daha önemli hale getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada Şırnak ilinin tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyi araştırılarak Türkiye ortalaması ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu istatistiki verilerine dayanarak traktör sayısı, tarım alet ve makineleri sayısı ile tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyi göstergeleri hesaplanarak özetlenmiştir. 2012-2022 yılları arasında Şırnak ili ortalama mekanizasyon verilerine göre, kullanılan tarım alanlarında %12, traktör güç değerlerinde %16 oranında artış gerçekleşmiştir. Birim alana düşen güç 0,66 kW ha-1, 1000 ha alana düşen traktör sayısı 18,72 olmuştur. Bir traktöre düşen toplam alan 53,43 ha olurken, traktör başına düşen alet makine sayısı 3,78 olarak bulunmuştur. Şırnak ilçeleri arasında mekanizasyon düzeyi yönünden en iyi sonuçları Cizre ilçesi verirken, Uludere ve Beytüşşebap ilçeleri düşük mekanizasyon değerlerine sahip verileri ile sonuçlanmıştır. Ayrıca Şırnak ili mekanizasyon verileri, bölge illeri ile benzer mekanizasyon sonuçları vermiştir. Ortalama traktör güç değeri 47,03 kW olarak, Türkiye ortalamasından daha yüksek sonuçlar oluştururken, diğer mekanizasyon parametreleri bakımından düşük mekanizasyon sonuçlarına sahiptir. İki ülkeye sınırı bulunan ilin tarımsal potansiyelini arttırmak için mekanizasyon düzeyinin en kısa sürede yükseltilerek işletme refah seviyesi arttırılmalı ve bölge kalkınması desteklenmelidir.

Bu araştırma, tarla koşullarında saksılarda yetiştirilen dört yaşlı “Gemlik” çeşidi zeytin fidanları üzerinde yapılmıştır. Araştırmada; farklı sulama uygulamalarında morfolojik ve fizyolojik parametreler göz önüne alınarak zeytin fidanlarının kuraklık stresine karşı tepkileri incelenmiştir. Araştırma, 2021 yılında, Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesine bağlı Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneme tesadüf parseli deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Sulama konuları, bitki su tüketiminin %20 (I20) %40 (I40) %60 (I60), %80 (I80), %100 (I100) ‘ü kadar su uygulanması şeklinde oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda; sulama sezonu boyunca konulara uygulanan sulama suyu miktarları 16.32-81.57 L saksı-1 ve buna karşılık elde edilen bitki su tüketimi değerleri ise 19.49-85.08 L saksı-1 arasında değişmiştir. Konulara göre bitki boyunun 3.50 cm ile 11.00 cm, sürgün uzunluğunun 0.14 cm ile 12.4 cm, gövde çapının 0.70 mm ile 2.11 mm, sürgün çapının 0.53 mm ile 1.84 mm arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır. Konulara göre elde edilen yaprak oransal su içeriği değerleri %52.61 ile %71.68, stoma iletkenliği değerleri 260.29 mmol m-2 s-1 ile 535.80 mmol m-2 s-1, klorofil miktarı değerleri 78.00 ile 82.76, yaprak sıcaklığı ve hava sıcaklığı farkı ise 1.93°C ile 5.31°C arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Gemlik çeşidi zeytinin topraktaki nem eksiğine duyarlı bir bitki olduğu, morfolojik ve fizyolojik parametrelerin yetişme mevsimi boyunca sulama suyuna bağlı olarak değiştiği, bu parametrelere ilişkin elde edilen bulgular göz önüne alındığında 4 günde bir eksilen nemin %60’ının (I60) uygulanması önerilebilir.

Toprak toplulaştırması terimi ilk olarak on dördüncü yüzyılda Almanya’da kullanılmasına rağmen toprak parçalılığını çözmek üzere uygulamaya geçirilmesi on sekizinci ve on dokuzuncu yüzyılda olmuştur. Geleneksel olarak uygulanma biçimi aslen toprak parçalılığı sorununu çözmek olan toprak toplulaştırmasının amacı, kapsamı ve işlevi zamanla genişlemiştir. Modern uygulama biçimleri tarım, çevre, kırsal peyzaj ve köylerin yenilenmesi gibi daha geniş bir yelpazeye yayılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, toprak toplulaştırmasının tarihsel süreçte geçirdiği evrim ve bu evrimle birlikte amaç, kapsam ve işlevlerindeki farklılaşmanın kırsal kalkınma ve sürdürülebilirliğe etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, toplulaştırma uygulamalarının amaçlarının zamanla kırsal kalkınma araçlarına dönüştüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Böylece toprak toplulaştırması, kırsal kalkınmayı sağlayacak önlemlerin yerine getirilmesi aracı olarak kırsal kalkınmayı ve sürdürülebilirliği destekleyen uygulamaları ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Basin-based water management strategy is one of the necessary instruments for the protection and sustainable use of water resources against climate change. In this paper, the monthly precipitation distributions of the 25 major basins in Türkiye were produced, and amounts and volumes were computed and analyzed. Only annual modeling and assessments of precipitation may hide months with precipitation shortages. Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK), Ordinary Kriging (OK), and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) were implemented in interpolation. EBK outperformed in all months and calculations were based on the EBK. The month with the highest precipitation potential in Türkiye is December (77.9 mm, 60.77 billion m3), and the month with the lowest precipitation potential is August (13.8 mm, 10.76 billion m3). In the basins, the monthly precipitation amounts range between 2.7 mm and 185.2 mm, and the volumes range between 0.02 billion m3 and 13.24 billion m3. The basins with the highest precipitation depth were determined as the East Black Sea, Antalya, Asi, and Ceyhan, and the lowest as the Small Menderes, Konya, and Tigris-Euphrates in different months. The monthly precipitation patterns and potentials of the basins vary widely. In May, June, July, August, and September, when water, particularly agricultural irrigation, is required the most, the 20 basins, except for the 5 located in Northern Türkiye precipitation shortage was determined.