In Afghanistan most times people are drinking olive leave tea for prevention and decline of higher lipid and glucose level, therefore the objective of the current study was to find out whether olive leaf extraction is having any effect on blood metabolites. The Japanese quail has been used for biological studies because of its easy management and large numbers in limited area. In this experiment quails (100 male and 100 Female) were reared on a farm owned by the Department of Animal science of Agriculture faculty of Nangrahar University. Quails were kept under optimum environmental during rearing period (20- 22 C and 65 % relative humidity). The Adaptation period was for 10 days. Feed was given add libitum during 24 h. In this study we had five treatments T0 served as control without any water supplementation, T1 (1g/L), T2 (2g/L), T3 (3g/L) and T4 (4g of olive leaf / litter of drinking water). The Experiment continued for 4 weeks at the end of week. By increasing level of the olive leave powder in water blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels declined significantly from 509 to 422.5, 204-144.5 and 245 to 192.5 respectively

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible presence of sesame in commercial foods normally carrying no warning for the allergen, but which may have been subjected to contamination during processing. One hundred units of widely consumed goods with high potential to contain allergenic substances deriving from nuts were analyzed, using sensitive and capable PCR (C-PCR) and Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) methodologies. Of the products examined, 15 (15.0%) declared the presence of sesame, 36 (36.0%) carried no food allergy label, 44 (44.0%) were marked by the phrase “may contain traces of nuts” and 5 (5.0%) carried the indication “may contain sesame traces”. The sesame-positive products detected using the C-PCR method were 15 (100%), 12 (33.3%), 14 (31.8%) and 3 (60%), respectively. Using the RT-PCR technique, positive results were obtained for 15 (100%), 18 (50.0%), 18 (20.5%) and 5 (100%) samples, respectively. The results indicate that the PCR methods applied are highly sensitive and selective, which makes them suitable for the detection of sesame traces in food samples. In addition, they can be useful for monitoring the effectiveness of cleaning processes in the production units of the food industry.

Sorghum and millet are important food staples in semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa. Sorghum and millet are cereal grains that have prospective to be used as substitute to wheat flour for celiac patients. These are considered as the good source of many important and essential fatty acids. The volatile profiling of these two important crops is comparable to other cereals as well. The present study was an effort to explore biochemical composition of commercially available sorghum and millet varieties with special reference to their fatty acid and volatile profiling. Chemical composition of sorghum and millet was determined according to respective methods. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared and then subjected to GC-FID for fatty acids analysis. The results indicated that both sorghum and millet oils are rich in essential fatty acids comprising mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Main fatty acids that are identified in current study includes palmitic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, behenic acid, linoleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, etc. On the other hand volatile compounds from sorghum and millet were determined by preparing their respective volatile samples by using calvenger apparatus with suitable volatile extracting solvent. Volatile samples were then subjected to GC-MS analysis and respected results were compared with NIST library. About 30 different volatiles were identified in millet varieties while 35 different compounds were discovered in sorghum varieties belonging to aldehydes, ketones, benzene derivatives, esters, alcohols, sulphur compounds.

Aflatoxins are the potential carcinogens produced as secondary metabolites by Aspergillus flavus. They have the ability to contaminate large number of food which ultimately affect the human population. Malt extract agar was selected for the growth of control stains of fungus. The aim of the study was to develop a reliable and quick method for the detection of aflatoxin producing strains in peanuts by using molecular approaches. Total 80 samples of infected peanuts were collected from four different cities of Punjab and checked for their aflatoxin contamination. For aflatoxin detection, three target genes nor1, ver1 and aflR were selected which was involved in the aflatoxin biosynthesis. In all examined cases, 24 out of 80 (30%) samples successfully amplified all three genes indicating aflatoxigenic activity. Discrimination between aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic strains were also determined on the basis of amplification of these three target DNA fragments. In this study, it was also demonstrated that only specific strains were able to produce the aflatoxin contamination in peanuts.

The study was designed to determine the consumers’ attitude and behaviors towards poultry meat consumption and to analyze the factors affecting on their meat consumption. The data obtained from 385 households consuming the poultry meat and residing in Erzurum province. As the data set based on Principal Component Analysis to determine the main factors affecting the consumption according to the poultry meat attributes and K-means Cluster Analysis to constitute the homogenous segments related to their consumption frequencies were used. According to the results of the study; the heavy users (C1) consuming the poultry meat consumption constituted the desirous and sensitive consumer segments based on both product image and price-sensitive contributing to the regional and rural development under the augmented product mix registered with the origin of the region. On the other hand, while the medium users (C2) focused on the concept forming their diets under the core benefit and the disease risk of the poultry meat by considering the sensorial and main quality attributes, light users (C3) also tried to maximize their total utility through products with generic brand. Therefore, it could introduce the augmented product mix under the product strategies with local brand with the origin of region for C1, the private brand strategies meting ISO 9001 and HACCP standards for C2, and the generic branded product with the origin of region in accordance with the product image for C3. In this way, it could be contributed to the rural regional developments, and thus could be increased the welfare levels of the people living in the rural areas by providing both the producer and consumer satisfactions.

The aim of this study is to determine the current situation and to analyze financial performance of rice farmers associations. The data obtained with the questionnaire method from a single rice farmers association selected as purposeful constitute material of the research. First, a general assessment of the association was conducted, and then, the financial performance of the association was analyzed using Financial Statement Analysis, Percentage Method, Trend Analysis and Ratio Analysis techniques with the aid of financial statement and income chart for the period of 2011-2013. As a result, it is determined association was founded in 2006, have a total of 220 active members and 10 women members in district and 18 villages and two university graduate staff. In addition, management and audit committee members are men, middle-aged, and primary or secondary graduated. The participation rate of members in general assembly is high. The important problems of the association are lack of solidarity among members and irregular payment of membership’s fee. In the period under investigation, decreased use of external resource, strengthening equity and increased profitability in the association were determined. It is possible to develop association as financial statue with positive relationships between association and members and activation of association in terms of marketing.

This study during the spring of 2014, effects of plant extract and oil mixture obtained from various plants added to the syrup given to the forces equalized bee on physiological characteristics of the colonies were examined. Bee colonies (10 colonies in each group) were randomly divided into two groups. When the first group feed syrup and plant extract oil mixture, at the same rate with feed syrup only test group to control group (1/1 sucrose-water) was applied. According to the research results, the plant extract-oil mixture was not effective on the number of frames and hive weight. The mixture although numerically increased the amount of brood rearing area, this effect was not statistically significant. However, provided statistically significant increase in honey production. We concluded that, while the plant extract-oil mixture tested is not effective in brood production, is effective on honey production.

In our study we aim to increase frost resistance and improve the yield and quality of apple is important in Turkey and world economy. Phenological and morphological observations, physiological and biochemical analyzes were carried out in apple (Malus domestica L.) plants. It was studied to determine the effects of foliar Salicylic acid (0, 500 ppm/plant and 1000 ppm/plant) on adaptation of this plant when exposed to freezing stress, the quality and yield. Leaf photosynthetic pigment contents, total protein amount, proline amount, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymatic activities were measured. The study planned by random experimental design and statistical analysis of data with SPSS program (LSD test) were made. It was determined that fruit and shoot numbers were increased in samples exposed to 500 ppm salicylic acid and while fruit weights were increased in samples exposed to 500 ppm and 1000 ppm salicylic acid compared to the control. Also, colour of plants were darkened. Chla, chlb, total chl, proline, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase amounts were increased significantly compared to the control group. Increases occured in the carotenoid and the protein amounts are not significant statistically. In the light of obtained data, foliar application of salicylic acid were found to reduce the effects of freezing stress and to increase the yield and quality of apple plants.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of additive feeding with pollen and water on honey yield, colony population, winter loses and wintering ability of colonies in pine honey production season in Muğla province of Turkey. Total twenty honeybee colonies had similar physiological pattern (queen age, genotype, amount of adult worker bees (number of frames covered with adult worker bees), sealed brood areas (cm2) and food stocks) were used and randomly divided into four groups. Three of them were fed extra with pollen+water, pollen and water. The control colonies were not given additive foods. Honey yield in pollen+water, pollen, water and control groups were found to be 24.2±1.1, 17.3±0.8, 16.3±1.0 and 12.0±0.6 kg/colony respectively. Group means were statistically significant. From September 25 to February 15 (wintering), losses of the adult worker bees in pollen+water, pollen, water and control groups were 50%, 69%, 68% and 82%, decrease of sealed brood areas in the groups were 48%, 66%, 68% and 85%, respectively. Wintering ability of pollen+water, pollen, water and control groups were found to be 92.1±3.2, 70.4±17.8, 67.1±16.7 and 51.0±21.2% respectively. The results showed that additive feeding in pine honey production season, especially feeding with both pollen+water provided nearly 100% more honey production and 80% better wintering ability than the control group. In addition, feeding with only pollen or water had similar positive effect (approximately 40%) better than control group

This study was carried out to document ex-situ morphological and morphometric characteristics of the testis in the West African Dwarf (WAD) buck goat. For this aim, 24 post pubertal WAD buck testes were collected at the Ipata Abattoir in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. Gross morphologic results revealed that WAD testis was ellipsoidal in shape with 2 borders (free and attached), margins (medial and lateral) and similar surfaces (ventral and dorsal). The surfaces were covered by an outer tunica vaginalis and a deep tunica albuginea. Histomorphology showed the testis comprised mostly of rounded and some irregularly shaped seminiferous tubules (ST). Each ST was lined by a basement membrane and a layer of germinal epithelium with lumen filled with spermatozoa surrounded by an adluminal space. Gross morphometric results showed that there were no significant differences in the weight, length, width and height of the right and left testis. Also in the volumes of testes obtained by water displacement method and using the prolate ellipsoid formula. There was a strong correlation between the weights and volumes of testes obtained using these methods. There were significant differences between the volumes of testes obtained by using the prolate spheroid and Lambert formulae, when compared with those obtained by water displacement method respectively. But there was no significant difference in testicular volume obtained by the prolate ellipsoid formula and the water displacement method. Histomorphometric results revealed no significant differences in the seminiferous tubular diameter, seminiferous luminal diameter and germinal epithelia height of the right and left testes respectively. The morphological and morphometric data highlighted in this study would be useful in comparative regional anatomy and researches on the testis of these valuable breed of goats.