Değer zinciri, bir malın üretimiyle başlar, nihai ürünün tüketimiyle sona erer. Çalışmanın amacı, tarımsal değer zincirini açıklayarak, tarımsal değer zincirinde değer yaratan faaliyetleri ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmada literatür taraması yaklaşımından yararlanılmıştır. Tarımsal değer zincirinin yedi aşaması söz konusu olup, bunlar sırasıyla girdi tedariki, üretim, üretici örgütleri, tüccarlar, işleyiciler, toptancılar ve perakendeciler şeklindedir. Değer zincirinde ürün kalitesinin yükseltilmesi, üründe farklılaşma sağlanması ya da sistemin etkinliğinin artırılması yoluyla rakiplere karşı avantaj sağlanması hedeflenmektedir. Tarımsal ürünlerin üretim maliyetlerine, kullanılan girdi miktarından teknoloji transferine kadar birçok unsur etki etmekte iken, organik tarım ve iyi tarım uygulamaları gibi yaklaşımlarla üründe farklılaşma sağlanarak değer yaratılabilmektedir. Tarım sektöründe büyük işletmeler değer zincirini bir bütün olarak ele alabilmelerine rağmen, süreçten erken çıkmak zorunda kalan küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin süreçte kalabildikleri sürece değer yaratan faaliyetlere odaklanmaları gerekmektedir. Değer zinciri analizi yaklaşımıyla tarım sektöründeki bazı temel sorunların çözümüne katkı sağlanması mümkün olabilecektir.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Listeria species, specifically Listeria monocytogenes, in raw milk, pasteurized milk, white cheese, and homemade cheese. A total of 200 food samples were collected and analyzed to examine the presence of Listeria spp. The EN ISO 11290-1 method was used for isolation of Listeria. API Listeria test kit was used for biochemically characterization. Listeria spp. were isolated in 25 of the 200 samples (12.5%). The largest number of Listeria spp. was detected in homemade cheese (24%), followed by raw milk (18%), and white cheese (8%). Listeria spp. were not isolated from the pasteurized milk. The most common species isolated were Listeria innocua (5.5%); the remaining Listeria isolates were Listeria ivanovi (3.5%), Listeria welshimeri (3%), and Listeria monocytogenes (0.5%). Listeria monocytogenes was detected in only raw milk.

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de başlıca zeytin yetiştiriciliği yapan Ege bölgesinin bazı illerinden (Muğla, Aydın, İzmir ve Manisa) 2 hasat dönemi (2007-2008 ve 2008-2009) süresince yerli zeytin çeşitlerinin (Gemlik, Memecik, Ayvalık, Uslu ve Domat) yağı incelenmiştir. Bu yağların toplam fenolik madde ve fenolik bileşimi belirlenmiştir. Yağların toplam fenolik madde içeriği, 2007-2008 hasat dönemi örneklerinde 23,69-153,64 mg kafeik asit/kg, 2008-2009 hasat dönemi örneklerinde 16,18-136,22 mg kafeik asit/kg aralığında belirlenmiştir. Tüm zeytinyağı örneklerinde tespit edilen fenolik maddeler; tirozol, oleuropein, 4-hidroksifenil asetik asit, luteolin, vanilik asit, hidroksitirozol, rutin, sinnamik asit, verbaskozit, hidroksi fenilkarboksilik asit, sirinjik asit, 3,4-dihidroksibenzoik asit, kafeik asit, ferulik asit, p-kumarik asit, taksifolin ve apigenindir. Tirozol ve oleuropeinin, 2007-2008 hasat döneminde 1,80-13,39 mg/kg, 1,26-19,50 mg/kg ve 2008-2009 hasat döneminde ise 1,76-11,66 mg/kg, 0,20-13,12 mg/kg aralığında en fazla miktarda değişen bileşenler olduğu saptanmıştır.

In this study, thermal inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis inoculated to the cake dough and a whole raw chicken was investigated. The cake dough was inoculated with 6.15 log-cfu/g S. Enteritidis then, thermal treatment was applied at 160°C top-bottom fan cooking mode. The initial count of S. Enteritidis showed reductions 1.49 log-cfu/g, 2.06 log-cfu/g and 4.29 log-cfu/g in the samples from the cold point location from the geometric center of the cake at 5, 7 and 10 minutes of thermal treatment, respectively. Although S. Enteritidis is not detected at the end of 15 minutes of heat treatment, the center of the cake temperature has reached 85.69°C and the cake sample is uncooked and its sensory properties are not acceptable. The cake that is safe and favorable with the sensory properties to the consumers was obtained by heat treatment for 30 minutes. After the cold point of a whole raw chicken was inoculated with 7.29 log-cfu/g S. Enteritidis, thermal treatment was applied at 220°C top-bottom fan cooking mode. The temperature at the cold point of 35 and 45 minutes heat-treated chickens reached 59.33 and 74.08°C, respectively, and 1.93 log-cfu/g and 5.33 log-cfu /g S. Enteritidis reduction caused in the samples respectively. S. Enteritidis cells were not detected in the whole chicken heat treated at 220°C for 60 minutes. The cakes, heat treated at 160°C top-bottom fan cooking mode for 30 minutes, were stored at two different storage temperatures as 4°C and 25°C for 72 hours. The whole chicken, heat treated at 220°C top-bottom fan cooking mode for 60 minutes, was stored at 4°C for 72 hours. S. Enteritidis cells were not detected in the cake and the whole chicken samples after the storage period.

Renewable energy interest is increasing day by day due to the progressive decline of fossil fuels and negative effects on the environment. As is known, generating energy using solar energy is the most popular of renewable energy source applications. One of the reasons for this is that the sun, which is the source of all the energy in the world, will give energy for a very long time. Another important reason is the rapid developments in semiconductor electronics technology. Direct solar water heating with solar collector, power generation without photovoltaic panels, and even power generation with concentrated parabolic systems. In this research, electricity is generated by solar panels used in a traditional plateau house, photovoltaic solar batteries from solar energy and electricity stored in battery benches and electricity stored in the battery is converted to mains electricity through an inverter if necessary. Saving electric elements at home are selected, and the minimum power required for basic needs is provided. In addition, the economics of the designed system was investigated and efficiency analysis was carried out considering the energy efficiency at the optimum level.

In this study, resistance mechanism of two wheat genotypes against salt, heavy metal, lime and drought (50%) treatments were investigated in summer Cumhuriyet-75 and winter Selimiye-95. According to results chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid level increased in FeCl3, drought and 225 mM NaCl in Cumhuriyet-75 but they were higher at NaCl, FeCl3 and ZnCl2 treatments in Selimiye-95 comparison to control. While H2O2 content rose all stres treatments in both varieties but Malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in Selimiye with all applications. The amount of proline is lower in Cumhuiyet-75 but higher in Selimiye-95. Total soluble protein was found higher at salt concentartion and drought in both varieties. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Süperoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in salt and FeCl3 in Selimiye-95 but SOD ativity were higher at salt treatments in Cumhuriyet-75. And also in both varieties APX and Guaiacol peroxidase (GuPX) increased at FeCl3 but Catalase (CAT) were higher in only FeCl3 in Cumhuriyet-75. As a result Selimiye-95 showed tolerance to salt and FeCl3 with high photosynthetic pigment, proline and soluble protein content with lower MDA but it is sensitive to NiCl2 and drought. Whereas Cumhuriyet-75 cultivar is resistan to drought, FeCl3 and 225 mM NaCl depended on pigment, protein content and APX, CAT, GuPX and SOD activities. When all the data are taken into consideration, it was concluded that the responses of the varieties to the treatments changed according to the type and concentration of stress, and Selimiye-95 variety was tolerant compared to Cumhuriyet-75 variety.

Applying different technological processes during the production of food has a lethal effect on the bacteria but DNA of these bacterial strains may cause false positive results when detected by real time PCR technique because they preserve their existence for a certain period of time. To overcome this shortcoming of the real time PCR technique, a new method has been developed in recent years, based on the removal of dead cell DNA from the medium by treatment with Propodium Monoazide (PMA) before DNA extraction. In this study, real-time PCR method was combined with PMA application for the detection of live cells of Salmonella Typhimurium in heat treated milk samples. For this purpose, milk samples inoculated with S. Tyhimurium were heat treated at different temperatures (60, 65, 70 and 75°C) and times (15, 60, 300, 900 sec) and number of live bacteria was determined comparatively by direct real-time PCR, PMA/real-time PCR and conventional cultural method. As a result, unlike the direct real time PCR technique, PMA/real-time PCR method prevents to a certain extent of false positive results from dead cells at all tested temperatures and times but higher results were obtained from PMA/real-time PCR method when compared to conventional cultural results. Therefore, further studies should be carried out to optimize the conditions of the PMA application in order to eliminate the high positive results detected by the PMA / real-time PCR method

This study analyzes the technical efficiency and production risk of 862 maize farmers in major maize producing regions of Ethiopia. It employs the stochastic frontier approach (SFA) to estimate the level of technical efficiencies of stallholder farmers. The stochastic frontier approach (SFA) uses flexible risk properties to account for production risk. Thus, maize production variability is assessed from two perspectives, the production risk and the technical efficiency. The study also attempts to determine the socio-economic and farm characteristics that influence technical efficiency of maize production in the study area. The findings of the study showed the existence of both production risk and technical inefficiency in maize production process. Input variables (amounts per hectare) such as fertilizer and labor positively influence maize output. The findings also show that farms in the study area exhibit decreasing returns to scale. Fertilizer and ox plough days reduce output risk while labor and improved seed increase output risk. The mean technical efficiency for maize farms is 48 percent. This study concludes that production risk and technical inefficiency prevents the maize farmers from realizing their frontier output. The best factors that improve the efficiency of the maize farmers in the study area include: frequency of extension contact, access to credit and use of intercropping. It was also realized that altitude and terracing in maize farms had influence on farmer efficiency.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2016 yılında Adıyaman ilindeki badem üreticilerinin zirai mücadele uygulamalarında karşılaştığı sorunları belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre Kahta, Besni, Gölbaşı ve Merkez ilçelerinde, her ilçede tesadüfi olarak seçilen 6 köy olmak üzere toplam 24 köyde, 96 üreticiden anket yöntemi ile bilgiler temin edilmiş ve sonuçlar yüzde oran olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Badem üreticilerinin, eğitim seviyesinin yüksek, pek çoğunun tarım dışı gelire sahip olduğu ve gelir miktarının açlık sınırı seviyesinin üzerinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Badem üreticileri pestisit seçimi ve pestisit dozunu belirlemede ilaç bayilerinden ve Tarım İl Müdürlüğünden tavsiye almakta, marka ve etkili maddenin pestisit seçiminde önemli faktörler olduğu, aynı hastalık ve zararlıya karşı sürekli aynı pestisiti kullanmadıkları, hastalık ve zararlıyı görmeden ilaçlama yaptıkları, ilaçlamada önerilen dozu uyguladıkları, kullandıkları pestisitlerin üründe kalıntı bıraktığı, ilaçlama ile hasat arasındaki bekleme süresine dikkat ettikleri, ilaçlama sırasında koruyucu elbise ve maske kullandıkları, boş pestisit kutularını tarla veya yol kenarına atmadıkları, ilaçlama aletini temizledikleri, ancak ilaçlama aletini kalibrasyon yapmadan kullandıkları, pestisitleri karışım halinde uyguladıkları, kimyasal mücadele dışında kültürel mücadeleyi tercih ettikleri ve biyopestisit kavramını bilmedikleri belirlenmiştir.

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Nosema disease caused by Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in bee colonies in Kırşehir. A hundred worker honey bee samples were collected from each of 51 beekeepers in 31 locations in 5 provinces of Kırşehir (Centrium, Mucur, Akpınar, Boztepe and Kaman) in July 2014. A total 5100 samples were used in this study. The microscopic examinations of the study suggested that there was existence of Nosema spores in Centrium, Mucur, Akpınar and Boztepe with 25%, 23.07%, 12.5% and 60%, respectively; whereas no spores were detected in Kaman province. It was found a positive correlation between humidity and numbers of nosema spores. Molecular analyses showed that N. ceranae is only Nosema type in studied all positive samples.