ABSTRACT The cover crop straw may cause changes in the microbial activity and population, with repercussions on environmental changes and on the C and N dynamics, providing important information for the planning of adequate land use in the Cerrado. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of straw of cover crops on the soil microbial attributes and quality of organic matter. Experimental units consisted of 100 g of sieved soil placed in small plastic cups mixed with straw from cover plants. Treatments were distributed in a CRD, in a factorial scheme of 7 x 7 + 1, with seven types of straw, evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 63 and 105 days after incubation, and control without straw, with three replicates. The qCO2 ranged from 0.1 (Crotalaria spectabilis at 14 days) to 5.1% (Cajanus cajan ‘IAPAR 43’ at 42 days). The organic carbon and nitrogen reservoir are differently affected by straw of legumes and grasses on the dates. The incorporation of Brachiaria brizantha and Mucuna aterrima had a positive impact on the microbial attributes until the 21st incubation (qCO2, Cmic and Nmic), with little loss of carbon dioxide and growth of the microbial population. All the evaluated species presented a potential to be used in crop rotation systems, enabling no-tillage systems in the Cerrado of Piauí. However, it is recommended to select species according to specific purposes. Thus, the use of cover crops is an important tool for increasing the biological quality of Brazilian northeastern cerrado soils. | RESUMO A presença de palhada de plantas de cobertura pode causar mudanças significativas na atividade e população microbiana com efeitos ambientais e na dinâmica de C e N no solo, fornecendo informações importantes para o planejamento do uso adequado da terra no Cerrado brasileiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da palhada de plantas de cobertura sobre os atributos microbianos do solo, e na qualidade da matéria orgânica. As unidades experimentais consistiram de potes plásticos acondicionados com 100 g de solo misturados com palhada de plantas de cobertura. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em um DIC, em esquema fatorial 7 x 7 + 1, com sete tipos de palhadas, avaliados aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 63 e 105 dias após a incubação, e controle sem palhada, com três repetições. O qCO2 variou de 0,1 (Crotalaria spectabilis aos 14 dias) a 5,1% (Cajanus cajan 'IAPAR 43' aos 42 dias). Os reservatórios de carbono e nitrogênio orgânicos são afetados de diferentes formas pelas palhadas de leguminosas e gramíneas em cada data de avaliação. A incorporação de Brachiaria brizantha e Mucuna aterrima tiveram impactos positivos nos atributos microbianos até o 21º dia de incubação (qCO2, Cmic and Nmic), com baixa liberação de CO2 e aumento da população microbiana. Todas as espécies avaliadas apresentaram potencial para serem usadas em sistema de rotação, tornando viável para o plantio direto na região do Cerrado piauiense. Contudo, é recomendado a seleção de espécies de acordo com o propósito específico.

ABSTRACT Family farming is important for the production of food for human consumption, but it lacks resources to invest in the soil fertility of its crops. The objective of this study was to analyze whether the use of green manures increases soil fertility in terms of the nutrients N, P and K with low environmental risk for family agricultural production. An experiment was set up in the State of Mato Grosso (Brazil), in randomized complete block design, with a 6 x 3 factorial scheme, four replications, corresponding to 6 types of plants and 3 doses of phosphorus. Leguminous green manure plants were: velvet bean, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca and dwarf pigeon pea, in addition to plots with pearl millet and weedy fallow control. Rock phosphate (i.e., reactive natural phosphate) was applied as a source of phosphorus at 0, 50 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1. The species used as green manure were cut in full bloom and the levels of N, P, K and C in plants and soil were determined. Leguminous green manure plants, after mineralization, increased the stocks of N, P and K in the soil. Crotalaria juncea was the one that reached the highest N accumulation in its constitution, being recommended in the intercropping with species with C/N ratio > 30 to minimize risks of contamination with nitrate in the soil. This work concluded that the managements with green manure plants, especially Crotalaria ochroleuca, are recommended and environmentally safe technical alternatives for family farming.