ABSTRACT: In fruit pulp industrialization often use thermal processes to (heating and/or cooling) that may cause changes in its viscosity, which causes the study of the influence of temperature on the rheological behavior of this type of product is of great importance. Data of the apparent viscosity of fruit pulp are used in equipment design and process optimization. The research objective was to evaluate the influence of temperature on the apparent viscosity of the Myrtle pulp. The rheological analysis was conducted on a Brookfield viscometer model DV-II +Pro. The apparent viscosity curves as a function of strain rate were described by rheological models Sisko, Power Law, and Falguera-Ibarz. The full Myrtle pulp was classified as non-Newtonian fluid and shear thinning. The behavior of this fluid can be well described by models Sisko, Law of Power and Falguera-Ibarz, especially the Sisko model. The effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity was described by Arrhenius equation with activation energy presenting high values at low shear rate. | RESUMO: a industrialização de polpa de frutas frequentemente são utilizados processos térmicos (aquecimento e/ou resfriamento) que podem acarretar modificação na sua viscosidade, o que faz com que o estudo da influência da temperatura sobre o comportamento reológico desse tipo de produto seja de grande importância. Dados da viscosidade aparente de polpas de frutas são utilizados no projeto de equipamentos e na otimização de processos. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da temperatura na viscosidade aparente da polpa da murta. As análises reológicas foram conduzidas em um viscosímetro Brookfield modelo DV-II + Pro. As curvas de viscosidade aparente em função da taxa de deformação foram descritas pelos modelos reológicos de Sisko, Lei da Potência e de Falguera-Ibarz. A polpa da murta integral foi classificada como fluido não-newtoniano e pseudoplástico. O comportamento deste fluído pode ser bem descrito pelos modelos de Sisko, Lei da Potência e Falguera-Ibarz, com destaque para o modelo de Sisko. O efeito da temperatura sobre a viscosidade aparente foi descrita por uma equação tipo Arrhenius, com a energia de ativação apresentando altos valores à baixas taxas de deformação.

RESUMO: A desidratação mostra-se como uma alternativa importante para aproveitar o excedente de produção e sazonalidade das frutas tropicais. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a composição físico-química da polpa de cajá (Spondia mombin L.) em pó, obtido por spray-dryer, e avaliar a sua aceitação sensorial em forma de suco reconstituído. As análises físico-químicas realizadas nos pós de cajá foram: pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, ácido ascórbico e umidade, apresentando todos os resultados dentro da legislação vigente. A adição da maltodextrina no processo indicou redução das notas dos atributos cor, aparência e sabor na análise sensorial. As formulações testadas, pós com 25 e 27,05% de maltodextrina conservaram, e até favoreceram, o atributo aroma, obtendo notas de valor superior (7,66 e 7,68) ao observado para o suco integral (6,60). | ABSTRACT: Dehydration is an important alternative to making the most of the use the surplus of production and take advantage of the seasonality of tropical fruits. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical composition of the yellow mombin pulp (Spondia mombin L.) powder, obtained by spray drying, and evaluate its sensory acceptance in the form of reconstituted juice. The physicochemical analyzes of the yellow mombin powder were: pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and moisture, with all results in accordance with the current legislation. The addition of maltodextrin in the process reduced the sensory analysis values (color, appearance, and taste). The tested formulations, (powders with 25 and 27.05% maltodextrin) preserved, and even favored the aroma. These formulations had the following values (7.66 and 7.68) higher than the values found for integral juice (6.60).

RESUMO: O planejamento adequado de experimentos na cultura de mamoneira é uma das formas de se maximizar as informações da pesquisa. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o tamanho de parcela e o número de repetições para a cultura de mamoneira e verificar a influência do espaçamento entre plantas no plano experimental. O experimento com o híbrido Sara foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, em 2010, com espaçamento entre linhas de 1,2 m e espaçamentos entre plantas de 0,4, 0,6 e 0,8 m. Foram avaliados em cada planta o número de rácemos, peso de frutos, comprimento médio dos rácemos e número total de frutos, com identificação da planta pelo número de ordem da fileira e o número da planta dentro da fileira. O tamanho ótimo de parcela é de oito plantas para todos os espaçamentos e para todas as variáveis. Porém, a área do tamanho ótimo de parcela em cada espaçamento depende da área ocupada pela unidade básica. Assim, a área da parcela é de 3,84, 5,76 e 7,68 m2 para os espaçamentos entre plantas de 0,4, 0,6 e 0,8 m, respectivamente. Doze repetições, no delineamento blocos ao acaso, foram suficientes para identificar diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 27%, com 5% de probabilidade de erro. | ABSTRACT: Proper planning of experiments in the culture of castor bean is one of the ways to maximize the research information. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum plot size and number of replications and the influence of spacing between plants in experiments involving castor bean crops. The experiment with the hybrid Sara was conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria in 2010 with a spacing of 1.2 m between rows and between plants of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 m. Each plant was evaluated taking into account: the number of racemes, fruit weight, the average length of the racemes, and fruit number, with the plant identification by the order number of the row and the number of plants within the row. The optimum plot size is eight plants for all spacings and all variables. However, the area of optimum plot size inside the spacing depends on the area occupied by the basic unit. Thus, the plot area is 3.84, 5.76 and 7.68 m2 for each spacing of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 m, respectively. Twelve replications in randomized block design, are sufficient to identify, as significant at 5% probability, differences between treatment means of 27%.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimum plot size to three sunflower hybrids in three spatial arrangements of plants. The uniformity test was installed in the experimental field of the Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, in Cruz das Almas, Brazil, in 2012. The plots were composed of six lines of 36 m, which were willing three spatial arrangements of plants: A1 (0,45 m x 0,49 m); A2 (0,70 m x 0,32 m) and A3 (0,90 m x 0,25 m), and each arrangement were distributed three sunflower hybrids: Hélio 250, Hélio 253 e Aguara 3. For the evaluation of the optimal plot size, at 110 days after sowing was harvested a sample of 180 basic units (plants) per plot, in which were evaluated the final plant height, the final diameter of the rod and the diameter of the chapter. Thirty-one plots sizes of three hybrids were simulated and for each variable assessed, wherein each plant was considered as a basic unit. The estimation of optimum plot size to the sunflower crop was calculated by the method of modified curvature maximum. The combined use of hybrid H253, installed in the arrangement 0.45 m x 0.49 m, promotes obtainment the greatest value of curvature maximum it was estimated the optimum plot size of six plants. | RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o tamanho ótimo de parcela de três híbridos de girassol em três arranjos espaciais de plantas. O teste de uniformidade foi instalado no campo experimental da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, em Cruz das Almas, Brasil, em 2012. As parcelas foram compostas por seis linhas de 36 m, sendo dispostos três arranjos espaciais de plantas, quais sejam: A1 (0,45 mx 0,49 m); A2 (0,70 mx 0,32 m); e A3 (0,90 mx 0,25 m). Foram distribuidos em cada arranjo três híbridos de girassol: Hélio 250; Hélio 253; e Aguara 3. Para a avaliação do tamanho ótimo de parcela , aos 110 dias após a semeadura, foi colhida uma amostra de 180 unidades básicas (plantas) por parcela, no qual foram avaliadas a altura final de planta, o diâmetro final da haste e o diâmetro do capítulo. Foram simulados 31 tamanhos de parcela dos três híbridos e para cada variável analisada em cada planta considerada como uma unidade básica. A estimativa do tamanho de parcela para a cultura de girassol foi calculada pelo método de máxima curvatura modificada. O uso combinado do híbrido H253, instalado no arranjo de 0,45 mx 0,49 m, promoveu a obtenção do maior valor da máxima curvatura, estimando-se o tamanho ótimo de parcela de seis plantas.

Cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most limiting factors for cotton crop expansion. It presents different biological and behavioral aspects that ensure its success on this agroecosystem. This research aimed to identify pollen sources used by this insect during harvest and intercrop periods of cotton cultivations in Iuiu and Correntina – BA, Brazil; moreover, evaluating Caatinga and Cerrado neighboring areas. Adult insect samplings were made from February to September of 2013, through pheromone traps. Samples were analyzed to identify the pollen types inside the digestive system of insects. The results indicated that the pest explores 22 botanical families as nourishment source, from which 16 in Caatinga and five in Cerrado. Regarding crop samples, eight genera were found in Iuiu and Correntina, being three found in both areas (Angelonia, Mimosa and Myrcia sp.1). Pollen from 26 genera were identified for Caatinga and six for Cerrado, with three genera in common for both (Myrcia sp.2, Eucalyptus, and Mimosa). The boll weevil uses alternative sources of food within the main cotton growing regions in Bahia State, highlighting the Caatinga with most of the botanical families and genera explored by the pest.

This study aimed to associate two concepts of seed vigor testing, the aging and seedling growth using image analysis, providing a feasible and time-saving way to evaluate maize seed vigor in large scale. For this purpose, five seed lots with different vigor levels from two single hybrids were used. The seeds were characterized by moisture content, germination, seedling emergence, seedling emergence speed index, accelerated aging and cold tests. The treatments were composed by varying the accelerated aging periods (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96h) and seedling growth periods (48 and 72h), before submitting the seedlings to image analysis for seedling root length measurement. Considering the results obtained, the adaptation of accelerated aging test by reducing the aging duration from 96h to 48h, and the replacement of the germination test by seedling root length measurement using image analysis could be considered a potential tool for maize seed vigor assessment. The treatments composed of 48h of seed aging followed by seedlings root length measurements using image analysis provided reliable data, compared to traditional vigor tests and it could be considered an efficient and timesaving approach, associating two different concepts of seed vigor analysis.

The dynamics of organic matter influences the main chemical, physical and biological processes in soil, and often determines their chemical behavior and fertility. Therefore, it is essential to quantify the frac- tions that make up the organic matter to the understanding of pedogenic processes that reflect or induce soil properties. The aim of the study was to evaluate the behavior of soil organic matter in different soil profiles under deciduous formations, through fractionation of organic matter and obtain their different oxidizable fractions. Ten soil profiles were described and collected in areas of deciduous formations in the state of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Chemical and physical analyzes were performed on each horizon. For organic matter fractions, the fractionation of humic substances and subsequent determination of carbon in each fraction was performed: humin (HUM - C) , fulvic acid (C - FAF) and humic acid (C - FAH) and calculated their relations and percentage of each fraction relative to total organic carbon (COT) , %FAF, %FAH, %HUM and %EA, beyond fractions oxidizable C in each evaluated horizon. Humic substances that make up the organic matter in the soil of seasonal dry forests profiles showed that this compartment MOS showed a predominance of the humin fraction, followed by humic acids and lower content of C, fulvic acids for most soils. However, the different fractions of oxidizable C could already point more labile fractions associated with surface horizons, and more recalcitrant to subsurface horizons.

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of replacing corn by palm in the supplements for dairy females in grazing at levels of 0, 33, 66 and 100%. Intake of pasture and apparent nutrient digestibility, animal performance, intake of nitrogenous compounds, nitrogen balance, synthesis and microbial efficiency and bioe-conomy system were evaluated. The study was conducted at Farm Roçadinho, municipality of Capoeiras Wasteland region of the State of Pernambuco in the period from 30/09/2012 to 19/01/2013, in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications, using 24 dairy females growing initial weight of 180 pounds. Consisted of 112 days, and 28 for adaptation. The intake of DM, DM/pasture, OM, CP, NDFap. NDFi intake and increased ADF because of the NFC, EE, and TDN decreased (P <0.05). PUN levels in plasma did not change. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, NFC, EE and TDN decreased linearly, and CP increased (P <0.05). Weight gains decreased since the FC increased (P <0.05). No effect was observed in nitrogen intake and nitrogen excreted in the urine. A reduction in nitrogen excreted in the faeces nitrogen bal-ance and percentage of ingested nitrogen, urea-N excreted in the urine increased (P <0.05). The replacement of corn by palm reduces the performance of dairy females in pasture growth. Thus the total or partial replacement is conditioned to the projection of age at first calving on the production system and economy of use.

In order to study the effect of nitrogen sources upon the yields and nutrition of corn for silage and on the chemical attributes of a Cambisol, at Northern of Minas Gerais, Brazil, under calcareous water. The cultivar used was Decalb 390®, with a spacing of 0,8 m x 0,2 m. The base fertilization consisted in 330 kg ha-1 of formulation 4-30-10 and 50 kg ha-1 of FTE-BR12. Two equal dosages of 40 kg ha-1 of K2O, in the KCl form, were applied 45 and 60 days after corn sowing (DAS), phenologic phases V7 and V10 . The experiment it was realized in a randomized blocks design with six repetitions, been the treatments constituted by: ammonium sulfate (topdressing manuring), urea (topdressing manuring), Crotalaria juncea (before de maize crop). The Nfertilizers were applied parceled into three equal dosages of 40 kg ha-1, 30 DAS, with 15 days between fertilizations. The corn yields increased above control treatment average in 33, 27 and 14 t ha-1 with ammonium sulfate and urea topdressing and with C. juncea pre cropped, respectively. The ammonium sulfate use allows better recovery rate of the N applied by the extractor and higher uptake of Fe, Mn, Zn and S by the corn plants.

The bovine biofertilizer applied through irrigation water in the soil (bio fertigation), can be a viable organic source to maintain fertility levels in agricultural production systems. So, this work was aimed at evaluating the effects of different concentrations of bovine biofertilizer applied by fertigation on corn growth, gas exchange and yield. The experiment was conducted under full sun exposure, in Fortaleza, Ceara, in 100 liter (100 L) vessels. The experimental design was that of randomized blocks with five treatments and five repetitions. Treatments consisted of 0.5 L doses (per plant) of a fertigating solution (biofertilizer + water) weekly applied, with a different biofertilizer concentration to each treatment, as follows: C0 = 0% biofertilizer (control), C1 = 12.5%, C2 = 25% biofertilizer, C3=50% biofertilizer, C4 = 100% biofertilizer. We analyzed the effects on the following variables: plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, shoot dry weight, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and yield. The biofertilizer was the most efficient considering the initial growth and gas exchange. Also, the bovine biofertilizer treatments (as a whole) favored the increase in the weight of 1000 seeds and grain yield.