The use of natural coagulants and organic filters locally produced and low financial cost can provide attenuation problems in discharge of wastew aters, without treatment, into watercourses. Was ev aluated in this study the efficiency of the coagulation pro cess, using the Ca(OH) 2 in the preparation of Moringa seed extract, followed by filtration sawdust in the trea tment of sewage. In the tank of 150 L containing se wage was added a solution of the moringa seed extract prepar ed with Ca(OH) 2 0.011 mol L -1 at a concentration of 2.2 grams of seed per liter of wastewater to be treated . The coagulated effluent was applied to organic fi lter and the filtrate volume was converted in pore volume. Physi cal and chemical analyses were carried out in the i nfluent and effluent of the two treatment structure for the evaluation of treatment efficiency. The treatments by coagu- lation followed by filtration provided removals of 98.0, 75.3, 75.8, 75.0, 79, 7, 59.0 and 88.3% of tu rbidity, Total Solids, Total Fixed Solids, Total Volatile So lids, Total Suspended Solids, Suspended Solids Fixe d and Volatile Suspended Solids and of 51.2, 88.7, 72.6; 33.5 and 38.5% of Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemic al Oxygen Demand, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Sodium.

Thisstudy aimed toevaluate theperformance agronomic ofgrain sorghumas a functionof Nand- P2O5, as well as the economic analysis in the municipality of Mossoró-RN. The treatmentsconsisted of the combinationof fourN rates(30,60, 90and120 kgha-1) andfourdoses ofP2O5 (30,60, 90and120 kgha-1) and acontrol treatment.The experimental design wasa randomized complete blockwith four replicationsin a factorial design. The characteristicsevaluatedwere:plant height,stem diameter, paniclelength, paniclediameter, dry matter, grain yield, nitrogen and phosphoruscontentinleafnitrogen content, phosphorus in the soil, gross receipts, expendi- tureson fertilizerand net income. Theincreased availability ofnitrogen andphosphorus in thesoil influencethe variables studied, except the nitrogen contentin soil.While mostproductiongrainhas beenestimated for theappli- cation of87.62 kgha-1 N +120 kgP2O5ha-1, the maximumdoserecommendedenvironmentalandeconomic effi- ciencywere60 kgNha-1+ 120kgha-1P2O5.

The correct time to make the ridging and spacing of plants in the rows are factors that affect the development of potato culture and its effects need to be better known to assist in establishing best management alternatives. The study was conducted on the campus of Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste (Unicentro) in Guarapuava, Paraná State, Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the effects of different times of ridging and spacing of plants on the rows in characteristics of the vegetative development of potato plants, Ágata, to estab- lish the best alternative for managing these factors. The design was completely randomized in a factorial 4 x 4, composed by four management of ridging (at planting, at 10 days after the emergency of plants (DAE), 20 DAE and without ridging) and four spacing of plants in the row (16, 22, 28 and 34 cm). It was concluded that ridging in the planting and the largest spacing of plants in the row in the range between 16 and 34 cm are the best management options for these factors, due to its decrease in the occurrence of mechanical damage in the canopy and further development of vegetation potato plants.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of varieties of common bean in notillage on biomass of fallow vegetation as a function of crop fertilization. The study was conducted at Bujari, AC. The experimental design was a randomized complete block split plot with four replications. The experiment consisted in the cultivation of three varieties of common bean in no-tillage on weed straw, with and without fertilization at planting subplot. The variables analyzed were grain yield, final stand, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and weight of hundred grains. The data were submitted to the F test and means were compared by Tukey test (p<0,05). The bean variety Carioca Pitoco has better grain yield than the Carioca and Rosinha varieties on the first year of no-tillage system. The crop fertilization increases the yield of varieties of beans grown on straw till the fallow vegetation.

The present study verified the consumption capacity of Ceraeochrysa cubana when fed nymphs of Aleurocanthus woglumi. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Entomology, Departamento de Fitotecnia e Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Paraíba – Areia/PB. Was used a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement. The research was conducted in climatic chamber, regulated to 26 ± 2ºC, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 12 hours photophase. The predation of C. cubana was evaluated for the three larval instars (1st, 2nd and 3rd), and as prey, nymphs of 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th instars of A. woglumi, with 10 repetitions per treatment. The larvae were individualized in Petri dishes (9.0 x 1.5 cm), with as standard food (control) Sitotroga cerealella eggs. The consumption among the predator instar among nymphs was higher and increasing for the first instar nymphs of A. woglumi. The total predation among the predator instar was higher when fed with nymphs of first instar of A. woglumi. The predator when fed with second instar nymphs of A. woglumi had higher intake in the 3rd larval stage. The green lacewing C. cubana is promising as a control agent of A. woglumi in biological control program, considering the infestations with nymphs of first instar of A. woglumi.

This work aimed to evaluate the repellent and deterrent effect of the application of concentra- tions of neem and chinaberry oil on bean leaves on the leaf beetles Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) and Cero- toma arcuata (Olivier). The concentrations of neem oil tested were 0.625, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00, 10.00 and 20,00 mL, corresponding respectively to 1, 2, 4, 8, 17 and 33 ppm of azadirachtin A and the concentrations of china- berry oil used were the same used to neem oil, corresponding, however, to 1.875, 3.75, 7.50, 15.00, 30.00 and 60.00 mg mL-1 of chinaberry extract, respectively. For the free-choice tests, glass containers were used as are- nas, whereas for the no-choice tests Petri dishes were used, where in both one insect per treatment was released in the center. Attractiveness was evaluated in predetermined time periods, in addition to the leaf consumption, at the end of the experiment. Neem oil is repellent to D. speciosa and C. arcuata, with more efficient results at the 5.00, 10.00 and 20.00 mL concentrations. All concentrations of neem oil reduce leaf consumption of both insects, except in the no-choice test with D. speciosa, in which only the 10.00 and 20.00 mL concentrations are deterrent. Chinaberry oil provides high repellent activity on both leaf beetle species, and the 10.00 and 20.00 mL concentrations stood out. The 10.00 and 20.00 mL concentrations of chinaberry oil are deterrent to D. spe- ciosa and C. arcuata.

Several microorganisms produce polysaccharides, deemed to protect the bacteria from several environmental stresses. This paper aims to evaluate the protective effect of exopolyssacharides to different abi- otic stresses in bacterial isolates from “sabiá” ( Mimosa caesalpiniifolia ) nodules. 303 fast growing isolates were qualitatively evaluated for exopolyssacharide production and tested in vitro for tolerance to two levels of acidity, joint aluminum and acidity, three salinity levels; 11 antibiotics and three herbicides. Most isolates re- sisted media acidity, acidity with aluminum, salinity, and ampicillin, cefotaxime, gentamicin and vancomycin antibiotics and 2,4D herbicide, while being sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, kanamy- cin, nalidixic acid, rifampicin and tetracycline antibiotics and paraquat and glyphosate herbicides. There was no connection between exopolyssacharide production and abiotic stress tolerance.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the omission of macronutrient and micronutrient boron in dry matter production, the characterization of the symptoms of nutritional deficiencies and mineral composition in plants of ipeca, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions by the technique the missing element and visual diagnosis. A randomized block experimental design with four repetitions and the treatments were: complete and omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B. The analytical results demonstrated that the production of dry matter was affected in all of the treatments with omission of nutrients and that the ipeca plants presented characteristic symptoms of nutritional deficiencies due to the omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B and the concentrations of the macronutrients and of the micronutrient boron in the different parts of the ipeca plant varied when a certain nutrient was omitted in the solution.

In order to study the effect of nitrogen sources upon the yields and nutrition of corn for silage and on the chemical attributes of a Cambisol, at Northern of Minas Gerais, Brazil, under calcareous water. The cultivar used was Decalb 390®, with a spacing of 0,8 m x 0,2 m. The base fertilization consisted in 330 kg ha-1 of formulation 4-30-10 and 50 kg ha-1 of FTE-BR12. Two equal dosages of 40 kg ha-1 of K2O, in the KCl form, were applied 45 and 60 days after corn sowing (DAS), phenologic phases V7 and V10 . The experiment it was realized in a randomized blocks design with six repetitions, been the treatments constituted by: ammonium sulfate (topdressing manuring), urea (topdressing manuring), Crotalaria juncea (before de maize crop). The Nfertilizers were applied parceled into three equal dosages of 40 kg ha-1, 30 DAS, with 15 days between fertilizations. The corn yields increased above control treatment average in 33, 27 and 14 t ha-1 with ammonium sulfate and urea topdressing and with C. juncea pre cropped, respectively. The ammonium sulfate use allows better recovery rate of the N applied by the extractor and higher uptake of Fe, Mn, Zn and S by the corn plants.

The bovine biofertilizer applied through irrigation water in the soil (bio fertigation), can be a viable organic source to maintain fertility levels in agricultural production systems. So, this work was aimed at evaluating the effects of different concentrations of bovine biofertilizer applied by fertigation on corn growth, gas exchange and yield. The experiment was conducted under full sun exposure, in Fortaleza, Ceara, in 100 liter (100 L) vessels. The experimental design was that of randomized blocks with five treatments and five repetitions. Treatments consisted of 0.5 L doses (per plant) of a fertigating solution (biofertilizer + water) weekly applied, with a different biofertilizer concentration to each treatment, as follows: C0 = 0% biofertilizer (control), C1 = 12.5%, C2 = 25% biofertilizer, C3=50% biofertilizer, C4 = 100% biofertilizer. We analyzed the effects on the following variables: plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, shoot dry weight, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and yield. The biofertilizer was the most efficient considering the initial growth and gas exchange. Also, the bovine biofertilizer treatments (as a whole) favored the increase in the weight of 1000 seeds and grain yield.