The aim of this paper was to evaluate the persistence of herbicides in weed management in pre and post emergence soybean and evaluate its effects on corn grown in succession. In field experiments we adopted the randomized block design with four replications, being appointed nine treatments (doses in kg ha-1): imazaquin (0.161 kg ha-1), diclosulam (0.035 kg ha-1), sulfentrazone (0.600 kg ha-1) and flumioxazin (0.050 kg ha-1) in pre emergence applications, and chlorimuron-ethyl (0.015 kg ha-1), imazethapyr (0.060 kg ha-1), imazethapyr (0.100 kg ha-1) and fomesafen (0.250 kg ha-1) applied post emergence soybean and a control without herbicide. Variables of phytotoxicity, plant height, dry matter accumulation of shoot and grain yield were evaluated. The results showed that imazethapyr (0.1 kg ha-1) and diclosulam (0.035 kg ha-1) caused a reduction in corn yield of 15.02% and 70.65% respectively. The residual activity was not sufficient to cause negative effect on grain yield for corn cultivar 30K75Y in the Cerrado region.

The goal of paper was to evaluate the quality of fish commercialized in supermarkets and marketplace stalls in Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Sensorial, physicochemical and microbiological analysis were performed in 11 fish samples (three fresh fish samples, four frozen fish samples, and four dry salted fish samples). Supermarkets presented better hygiene conditions and facilities, and offered staff training. In the market stalls the facilities were in disagreement with food legislation. The sensorial analysis indicated tha 60% of the samples were in accordance with the concept of freshness. Hundred percent of the fresh and frozen fish samples were negative for sulphydric gas reaction, and humidity varied from 65.79 to 81.59%. Humidity in all the dry salted fish samples was higher than the maximum values allowed, and the chloride test was < 10%. Mesophilic bacteria counts varied from 4.66 × 106 to 6.84 × 106 CFU g-1 in fresh fish samples, and from 2.0 × 10 to 2.22 × 106 CFU g-1 in salted fish. The number of psychrotrophic bacteria in frozen fish varied from 1.08 × 103 to 1.76 × 105 CFU g-1. Coliforms at 45 ºC were observed in 100% of the samples and varied from < 3.0 to > 1.1 × 103 MPN g-1. Escherichia coli (08) was isolated only from fish samples collected in the marketplace stalls and was resistant to eritromicine 08 (100%), amicacyn 02 (25%), ampicillin, cephalotin and tetracycline 01 (12.5%). Multiresistance profile was observed in 62.5% of the isolates.

The search for new antimicrobial agents from plants is intense due to the increasing resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to synthetic products. Moreover, the long term use of pesticides cause negative impacts to society and the environment due to pollution caused by chemical waste. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of Lippia sidoides and Piper aduncum oils, carnauba wax and dextrin to control stem-end rot of mango. Fruits of mango cv. Kent were inoculated with suspensions of 106 (conidia/mL) of Lasiodiplodia theobromae or Botryosphaeria dothidea, and after 24 hours there were applied the treatments. The experiment was organized on a completely randomized design with three replications and the experimental unit was composed of a tray containing six fruits. After eight days in cold storage (10 ± 2 º C) the fruits were placed for five days at room temperature (25 ± 2 º C) when were evaluated daily for the disease severity. The best treatments were Lippia sidoides and Piper aduncum oils that showed specificity to control stem-end rot caused by L. theobromae and B. dothidea on mango.

The population growth not only demands further exploration and use of water, but generates different types of wastewater, such as sewage which is dumped directly into watercourses. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the use of wastewater from domestic sources on the growth of plants of physic nut during the third year of production under protected ambient. A randomized block design in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme was used, the factors being five levels of water replacement - WR (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 times water consumed by the plant) and two levels of phosphorus (135 and 200 g plant-1 year-1) with four replications. Plants were grown in recipients with a capacity of 200 L and in the beginning of the 3rd year of production (present study) a drastic pruning was performed. The variables plant height, stem diameter; leaf number and leaf area of the physic nut were influenced by the depth of water replacement from 30 days after pruning (DAP). The leaf number and stem diameter were affected by phosphorus dose at 30 and 90 DAP, respectively. The plant height and leaf area were influenced by the interaction (WR x phosphorus dose) at 30, 60 and 90 DAP. The weight of the fruit and water use efficiency of physic nut were affected by the depth of water applied but were not influenced by phosphorus dose.

The correct management of an irrigation system depends on reliable estimate of reference evapotranspiration (ETo). This paper aimed to evaluate the performance of some empirical equations used to estimate ETo under the climatic conditions of the municipalities of Anagé, Piatã and Ilhéus, located in the Southwest of Bahia State, Brazil. Climatic variables were used for the years 2006 and 2007 obtained through the automatic data collection platform of the Superintendence of Bahia Water Resources / National Institute for Space Research, in which he averaged variables for the two years. To compare the ETo values estimated by methodos of Penman Modificado FAO 24, Radiação, Blaney-Criddlle, Hargreves-Samani, Priestley-Taylor and Turc with the standard method Penman-Monteith (FAO 56) was performed by parameters of regression equation (b), determination coefficient (r²), correlation coefficient (r) estimated standard error (EEP), agreement index (d), index of confidence or performance (c) in daily, three, five and seven days scales. The best methods to estimate ETo for the climatic conditions of the three sites, depending on the indices and parameters studied were by the order: Blaney-Criddle, Penman Modified - FAO 24, FAO 24 Radiation, Turc, Priestly- Taylor and Hargreaves-Samani.

In the reclamation of a degraded area, it is important the use of nitrogen fixing legumes, associated with climax species, to make possible a faster recovery of the environment. In urban centers various wastes are produced, among them the marble rock waste, which, despite having agricultural value, ends up being thrown in the environment.. The objective of this work was to evaluate the Cedrela fissilis growth and of pioneering legume in quincunx system, in degraded area, fertilized with doses of marble rock waste. The treatments, distributed in factorial scheme 2 x 4, in the randomized block design, with three replicates, were: two species of pioneering legume (Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis in quincunx system with the Cedrela fissilis) and four doses of marble rock waste (0; 300; 600 and 900 g.cova-1). Were determined annually, along three years, the height of the plants, the stem diameter, the cup diameter and, in the end, the mortality percentage. The Acacia auriculiformis presented characteristic of better growth than the Acacia mangium and greater resistance to adverse conditions of degraded soil. There was tendency of reduction of the characteristics of growth of the Cedrela fissilis and of the Acacias with the increment of the doses of rock powder applied to the soil. The Cedrela fissilis presented, in general, larger growth, when combined with Acacia mangium than with Acacia auriculiformis, however, showed a high mortality after two years of planting.

In the Northeastern part of Brazil, the mosaics caused by viruses, emerge as the most important diseases for the cowpea, thus becoming a limiting factor of production. Genetic resistance has been considered as the best alternative of controlling Cowpea severe mosaic virus. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the F3 population behavior developed for the resistance against different isolated CPSMV collected from different areas of cultivation. Leaf samples presenting cowpea mosaic symptoms were collected from plantations from the states of Pernambuco and Paraiba. There was inoculation on susceptible cultivars of cowpea kept in house vegetation. The isolates were also diagnosed by reactions RT-PCR using specific primers. Of the 185 F3 plants inoculated 183 plants were resistant to different isolates of CPSMV.

This paper aimed to evaluate the effects of herbicides on the biomass and nodulation ofcowpea. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, in experimental design with randomized blocks, in factorial arrangement 4x2 + 2, corresponding applications of the herbicide bentazon, clethodim, fomesafen and smetolachlor, the recommended dose (RD) and recommended twice (RDA) in four periods of development of cowpea (20, 30, 45 and 55 days after planting, DAP). An inoculated control treatment without herbicide application and a control without inoculation, no application of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer were included. Inoculation was performed with the strains INPA UFLA 03-11B and 03-84. The results showed for the experiment in a greenhouse that bentazon and clethodim, both at the recommended dose and double dose, provide low phytotoxicity to cowpea and has little influence on nodulation and crop biomass. The herbicide smetalochlor presents high degree of phytotoxicity in cowpea, completely inhibits the vegetative growth when applied at twice the recommended dose.

The viruses from the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae are considered emergent pathogens, mainly because of the population explosion of their insect vectors. For this reason, more attention needs to be directed to the correct virus species identification inside the genus. The present paper had the objectives of serologically detecting a begomovirus in Macroptilium lathyroides plants in the State of Ceará, and developing biological, serological and molecular studies with a virus isolate obtained from M. lathyroides. Indirect ELISA with antiserum for Macroptilium golden mosaic virus (MaGMV) demonstrated that the samples collected from M. lathyroides showing golden mosaic in the field were infected with a begomovirus. The virus isolate obtained was transmitted by grafting to eight species of the family Leguminosae, four species of Solonaceae, and one species in the family Amaranthaceae. The virus also was transmitted from M. lathyroides to M. lathyroides by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B. A DNA fragment of 1.2 kb was obtained by PCR with the primers PAL1v 1978 and PAR1c 496 for component A, and a DNA fragment of 0.5 kb was obtained with the primers PBL1v 2040 and PCR cl for component B, confirming the presence of a begomovirus infecting M. lathyroides. Molecular studies indicated that the begomovirus isolate showed 77% genomic similarity with Bean golden mosaic virus and 75% with Cowpea golden mosaic virus for their cp and rep genes, indicating the possibility that the isolate is a distinct virus species of the Begomovirus genus.

The family Nymphaeaceae is represented by aquatic rhizomatic herbs, rooted in the substrate, with floating long petiolate leaves. Its flowers are solitary, and anthesis can be nocturnal and diurnal, pollinated by beetles. The family has six genus, of which Nymphaea and Victoria occurs in the neotropical region. Victoria predominates in the Brazilian Amazon and Pantanal and the Nymphaea is represented by 18 species distributed throughout the country. The floristic study included the analysis of specimens collected on expeditions and materials deposited in Herbariums, in a total of 69 specimens. The identification was made by consulting specific bibliography. The information obtained enabled the preparation of an identification key, illustrations of important morphological characters, significant as evidence Taxonomy, commentaries on the geographical distribution and discussion of relevant issues to taxons identification. For the state of Ceará were found six species: N. amazonum, N. pulchella, N. Jamesoniana, N. lasiophylla, N. lingulata, N. rudgeana and N. tenerinervia. The last two populations presented only in coastal environments. N. lingulata, N. pulchella and N. Jamesoniana presented records in the arid region, in interior of the State. N. amazonum and N. lasiophylla have a wide distribution, being present in the coastal zone to the interior. N. lasiophylla was the most frequent species. Knowledge about the Flora of the State of Ceará contribute to future projects for the conservation and management of temporary and permanent aquatic environments that occur in the Brazilian semiarid.