The reuse of waters served in industries is winning space in the current days, in face of possibility of its use in agriculture. It was aimed with this work to evaluate the effect of levels of available water in the soil and of effluents of industries of supply Campina Grande, Paraíba state, Brazil, on the chemical attributes of the soil and on the phytomass and production variables of the castor oil plant, variety BRS Nordestina. The experiment was in greenhouse in entirely randomized design in factorial scheme 5 x 3 with 3 repetitions, with 5 water types and 3 available soil water levels. The studied treatments promoted increase in all soil chemical attributes at the end of the experiment. The interaction types of water and levels of available water in the soil was significant for all phytomass and production variables, except for the length of the root. The largest value for the phytomass and production variables was obtained for the treatment with 100% of available water in the soil and wastewater of COTEMINAS. however, the number of male flowers didn't suffer significant effect of the levels of available water of the soil with the wastewater of COTEMINAS.

This work was carried out to investigate the effect maturity stage at harvest (M1, M2 and M3, corresponding to fruit with 20-25%, 45-50% and 70-75% of peel red color surface, respectively) of ‘Camila’ and ‘Laetitia’ plums, and then stored in conventional cold storage, on ripening and quality, especially regarding the incidence of flesh browning. Fruits were cold stored during 40 days (1±0.1 oC and 95±2% RH), followed by three days at ambient condition (23±5 °C and 60±5% RH). ‘Camila’ plums harvested at maturity stage M1 showed the poorest evolution of peel red color during cold storage. Only fruit harvested at stage M3 had a good flesh red color development. The values of flesh firmness and force for fruit compression were different be- tween maturity stages, being higher in M1 than in M2 and M3. On the other hand, fruit harvested at stage M1 had the highest force for flesh penetration. However, ‘Camila’ plums harvested with up to 50% of peel red color did not ripe satisfactory and had poor quality. ‘Laetitia’ plums showed satisfactory evolution of peel red color during cold storage, especially when harvested at stage M3. For this cultivar, the force for fruit compres- sion was different between maturity stages, in the following order: M1>M2>M3. Titratable acidity was highest in fruit harvested at stage M1, while ethylene production rate was highest for fruit harvested at stage M3. ‘Laetitia’ plums harvested at the three maturity stages had similar ripening during cold storage. However, fruits should not be harvested with 20-25% of peel red color since they will have a high intensity of flesh browning during cold storage.

The indiscriminate use of pesticides is a major environmental problems in the conventional agricultural production systems. The Integrated Production (IP) emphasizes the reduced use of pesticides based on monitoring of pests and diseases. This study aimed to quantify the percentage of reduction in pesticide use in vine growing companies in the region of the São Francisco Submédio Valley after the introduction of IP- Grape. For the survey data were used passbooks field of nine companies in the region checking the number of applications during the production cycle of the years 2006 to 2009, compared to when there was no IP-Grape. In 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 decline of 10, 20, 25 and 16% respectively, in the number of fungicide applica- tions, while the spraying of insecticides decreased 99, 95, 93 and 76%. Herbicides had the greatest rationaliza- tion (85%) in 2006, reaching 100% in 2007, 2008 and 2009, in other words from the year 2007. The rationali- zation in acaricides use was not recorded. Thus, the IP-Grape has achieved positive results in relation to the rational use of pesticides.

The objective of this work was to evaluate management systems for the control of Black Siga- toka in the cultivation of banana D'Angola cultivar. The experiment was installed and carried out at Embrapa Acre, Rio Branco - AC with the treatments distributed in randomized complete blocks with six replications consisting of different planting densities, corresponding to T1 - (1.111 plants ha-1; T2 - 1.666 plants ha-1; T3 - 2.000 plants ha-1; T4 - 1.333 plants ha-1; T5 - 2.500 plants ha-1 and; T6 - 1.111 plants ha-1 under rubber trees. The evaluations were carried out during two cycles of production. Plants of cv. D'Angola (AAB) cultivated in 3.0 x 3.0 m, shaded by the rubber trees, presented higher plant height, higher number of functional leaves at flowering and harvest, higher average bunch weight, greater weight of the bunches, longer cycle production and reduced severity of black sigatoka. Highest yields were obtained when we adopted higher densities. The banana intercropping with rubber trees proved to be a good alternative to permit cultivation of cv. D'Angola (long banana).

Three castor ( Ricinus communis ) genotypes were studied regarding tolerance to high exchange factorial distribution of five doses of exchangeable aluminum added to the soil (0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, and 1.20 cmol c dm - 3 ) and three castor genotypes (BRS Nordestina, BRS Paraguaçu, and Lyra). The plants were raised in pots in a greenhouse. At 53 days after emergence, data were taken on plant height, leaf area, dry mass of shoot and root, and leaf tissue content of macronutrients. The most sensitive genotype was the cv. BRS Nordestina, in which the shoot and root dry weight in the highest aluminum content were reduced to 12.9% and 16.2% of the control treatment, respectively. The most tolerant genotype was the hybrid Lyra, in which the shoot and root dry weight in the maximum content of aluminum were reduced to 43.5% and 42.7% of the control treatment, respectively.The increased exchangeable aluminum affected the leaf nutrient content, and the intensity of the response was different among cultivars. The aluminum toxicity increased N, Ca, and Mg contents and reduced on P, K, and S contents. The cv. BRS Nordestina had a drastic shoot dry weight reduction associated with an intense increment in the N leaf content. Thus, the N increment was caused by a concentration effect caused by the limited growth.

The ginger culture was planted in Espirito Santo State on a commercial scale for just over 10 years as an alternative income for farmers family based submitted high yield potential, but requires studies to their best advantage due to the great variability of climatic conditions of the State. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of fresh rhizomes, the dry mass of leaves and rhizomes and the extraction and accumulation of N, P and K of the culture depending on the application of increasing doses of P, in a dystrophic Ultisol . The experiment was conducted on a farm in the municipality of Santa Maria de Jetibá (ES) between the months of August 2006 and June 2007. Experimental model adopted was randomized blocks with four treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of control (no P fertilization), and doses of 60, 120 and 240 kg ha - 1 of P 2 O 5 applied at planting. The plants showed continuous growth up to 180 days after planting (DAP) and the phase of the plant where there was greater uptake of N, P and K in the flowering cycle was at 240 DAP. Analy- zing the contents of N, P and K, in the rhizome and leaves over the cultivation cycle, it was observed that, in general, most of the accumulation occurred in the rhizome.

The correct time to make the ridging and spacing of plants in the rows are factors that affect the development of potato culture and its effects need to be better known to assist in establishing best management alternatives. The study was conducted on the campus of Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste (Unicentro) in Guarapuava, Paraná State, Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the effects of different times of ridging and spacing of plants on the rows in characteristics of the vegetative development of potato plants, Ágata, to estab- lish the best alternative for managing these factors. The design was completely randomized in a factorial 4 x 4, composed by four management of ridging (at planting, at 10 days after the emergency of plants (DAE), 20 DAE and without ridging) and four spacing of plants in the row (16, 22, 28 and 34 cm). It was concluded that ridging in the planting and the largest spacing of plants in the row in the range between 16 and 34 cm are the best management options for these factors, due to its decrease in the occurrence of mechanical damage in the canopy and further development of vegetation potato plants.

In order to study the effect of nitrogen sources upon the yields and nutrition of corn for silage and on the chemical attributes of a Cambisol, at Northern of Minas Gerais, Brazil, under calcareous water. The cultivar used was Decalb 390®, with a spacing of 0,8 m x 0,2 m. The base fertilization consisted in 330 kg ha-1 of formulation 4-30-10 and 50 kg ha-1 of FTE-BR12. Two equal dosages of 40 kg ha-1 of K2O, in the KCl form, were applied 45 and 60 days after corn sowing (DAS), phenologic phases V7 and V10 . The experiment it was realized in a randomized blocks design with six repetitions, been the treatments constituted by: ammonium sulfate (topdressing manuring), urea (topdressing manuring), Crotalaria juncea (before de maize crop). The Nfertilizers were applied parceled into three equal dosages of 40 kg ha-1, 30 DAS, with 15 days between fertilizations. The corn yields increased above control treatment average in 33, 27 and 14 t ha-1 with ammonium sulfate and urea topdressing and with C. juncea pre cropped, respectively. The ammonium sulfate use allows better recovery rate of the N applied by the extractor and higher uptake of Fe, Mn, Zn and S by the corn plants.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of varieties of common bean in notillage on biomass of fallow vegetation as a function of crop fertilization. The study was conducted at Bujari, AC. The experimental design was a randomized complete block split plot with four replications. The experiment consisted in the cultivation of three varieties of common bean in no-tillage on weed straw, with and without fertilization at planting subplot. The variables analyzed were grain yield, final stand, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and weight of hundred grains. The data were submitted to the F test and means were compared by Tukey test (p<0,05). The bean variety Carioca Pitoco has better grain yield than the Carioca and Rosinha varieties on the first year of no-tillage system. The crop fertilization increases the yield of varieties of beans grown on straw till the fallow vegetation.

The P critical levels in plants depend from soil characteristics which reflect phosphate buffer power. In Pernambuco, soils mineralogical characteristics change at different regions where corn is cultivated. To evaluate P critical levels in corn plants in soil cultivated in different soils and contact periods of this element in the soil, aiming to study the relationships between these critical levels and P adsorption, it was realized an experiment using subsuperficial samples of a Vertissolo Ebânico órtico (VEo) (Mollisol), clay textured with predominance of 2:1 clay mineral and a Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico (NVdf) (Nitosol), high clay content, predominantly hematitic, colleted at the semi - arid and humid regions of Pernambuco State, Brazil, respectively. The P doses were defined in function of the levels 0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.8 and 1.0 from the P Maximum Capacity of Adsorption (CMAP) of each soil and were incubated by 90; 60; 30; 15; and 0.5 days. The experiment was real- ized into a greenhouse in a factorial scheme (5x5x2), five P levels, five incubation periods and two soils, in randomized blocks delineation with three replicates each. Corn plants were more efficient to utilize P in NVdf, the soil with higher CMAP. The corn shoot critical levels decreased in accordance to the period of incubation in VEo, the soil with lower CMAP.