The effect of residual organic fertilization is an essencial tool for maintaining the sustainability of soil fertility in the semi-arid region. This study objectives assess the effect of residual organic fertilization on the income of mass drought and absorption of nutrient by sorghum grown in Entisol which for six years has received application of caprine manure or green fertilization with crotalaria and cultivated with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). In the cultivation of potato annually the treatments consisted of planting and incorporation of the Crotalaria juncea L. at the time of flowering (C); addition of 15 t ha-1 of caprine manure (E); Planting and incorporation of crotalaria + 7,5 t ha-1 manure (CE); and witness without crotalaria or manure (T) with four repetitions. The treatments receiving application of manure provided the largest accumulations of N, P and K by sorghum. The effect of residual organic fertilization favored larger increase in the production of dry sorghum in the crops first and second. The annual organic fertilization of potato increased the levels of P and K in the soil swappable which influenced the growth of sorghum in subsequent cultivation. The manure shows high potential to be used as organic fertilizer in the region. However the planting and the incorporation of biomass of crotalaria without the addition of manure in addition to nitrogen not contributed the nutrient content of soil.

Because of the damages caused by Dalbulus maidis (Delong & Wolcott, 1923) on crop corn, had been evaluated the effect of insecticides applied on the desiccation management (MD), seed treatment (TS) and foliage spray (PF) to the 10 days after the emergency (DAE), on D. maidis. The assays had been developed in Fundação Chapadão in Chapadão of Sul (MS) city, from 29/10/04 to 27/02/05, with experimental design of randomized blocks, with ten treatments and four replicates. The used treatments had been: monocrotophós and cypermethrin (MD), thiodicarb + imidacloprid, thiametoxan, clothianidim, imidacloprid and acetamiprid (TS), cypermethrin + thiametoxan and endossulfan + NaCl (PF), in the recommended dosages, and one control without insecticide. It was carried counting of the number of D. maidis, calculating the insecticides efficiency to 14, 20, 28 and 40 DAE. For D. maidis, the use of the insecticides in TS and PF had been efficient in the 14 DAE, being imidacloprid (TS) and cypermethrin + thiametoxan (PF) had presented, respectively, 72 and 61% of efficiency to the 40 DAE, demonstrating residual effect.

This work had as objective to evaluate the growth of three strains of tilapia (Nilotica, Red koina and Chitralada) in semi-intensive culture ponds, in order to define the most adequate strain to commercial scale. Twelve 50 m2 ponds were used in a randomized entirely experimental design with three treatments and four replicates. The culture run 112 days and the ponds were submitted to a preparation that consisted of liming (100 g/m2 of hydrated lime) and chemical fertilization (3 g/m2 of simple superphosphate and 5g/m2 of ammonium sulfate). After verifying good conditions for culture, the ponds were stocked with 75 fingerlings (56.7 + 7.0 g) corresponding to a density of 1.5 fishes/m2. Fishes were fed with 32% crude protein extruded formulated diet in the first 60 days and another with 28% was used for the last 52 culture days, twice a day, at 8:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. Feeding rate varied from 4% to 2% of live weight from the beginning to the end of culture. Data analysis demonstrated that there were significant differences among treatments (P<0.05) with Chitralada strain showing the best performance as survival (94.33%), specific growth rate (2.42%/day) and feed conversion ratio (1.14). Thus it was observed that is possible to obtain productivities over 6 ton/ha/cycle using Chitralada strain, being recommended for semi-intensive culture in ponds.

The green fertilizing has been used to improve the physical-chemical properties of soil, to help the benefic microorganisms, to increase the organic matter and essentially to put the nutrients available to the plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of fitomassa and the macronutrients contents of scarlet starglory in different phonological stages. An experiment was carried out in the agricultural year of 2005, in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of following phenological stages: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days after seed germination of scarlet starglory. Plants of scarlet starglory were taken randomly, with a quadrate of 1.0 m x 1.0 m, and cut at 0.10 m from the soil level. The highest production of fitomass was obtained from 112 days after seed germination of scarlet starglory, with mean weight of fresh mass of 32.69 t ha-1. However, the content of dry matter was 11.07% of the fresh mass at 120 days after germination. The highest contents of N, P and K were obtained of plants with 15 days. Based on these results, it may be possible to use the scarlet starglory as a green fertilizer in the semi-arid condition of Rio Grande do Norte state.

Physiognomic parameters and floristic composition of woody plants were compared in four areas located in three different physiognomies of caatinga (sensu stricto): two shrub-arboreal caatingas, one in Fasa farm (FA), and the other in Poço do Ferro farm (PF), Floresta municipality, and one arboreal (BE) and one open arboreal (BD) caatinga, both in Boa Vista farm, at Custódia municipality, Pernambuco state. All alive and standing dead plants with total height ¿ 1 m and stem diameter at soil level ¿ 3 cm present in twenty-five 10 x 10 m plots, in each area, were sampled. Lianas and bromeliads were excluded. Sixty one species, belonging to 41 genera and 21 families, were found in the four areas, being 27, 27, 26 and 30 species in FA, PF, BE and BD, respectively. They had densities of 1876, 2172, 1076 and 1872 plant/ ha and basal areas of 16.51, 14.62, 34.29 and 20.28 m2/ ha, respectively. The patterns individualize tree physiognomies: arboreal, open arboreal and shrub-arboreal. Independent of the physiognomy, the woody floras of the four areas were similar to those of other areas of caatinga sensu stricto, located in the large sertaneja depression region, with some particularitities defined for each specific habitat.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a species polyphagous that attacks several cultures economically important in various countries. It is known in the larval phases as fall armyworm and it is to main curse of the culture of the corn in Brazil.It was found recently fed her in plantings of cassava in São Luís and Itapecuru Mirim (MA). As the knowledge of the biology of the insect is of fundamental importance for the development of handling strategies, inside of the integrated handling of curses, the work aimed at to study the biology and the behavior of S. frugiperda in cassava leaves, maids in laboratory conditions. 60 coming caterpillars of the creation were used in articial diet. After the appearance the larvas were individualized in disposable plastic glasses with capacity for 100 ml and fed with cassava leaves, that they were changed every other day, or according to need. The experiment was led in climate chamber, regulated for temperature of 25°C, relative humidity of 60 + 10% and fotofase of 14 hours. The appraised biological parameters demonstrated the medium duration of the total cycle of 39,93 days, distributed in 6 or 7 you urge, where the species presented larval viability, pupal and of superior adult to 75% and, percentile of of 4% and 22,97% in pupas and adults, respectively. The fecundity was of 70,84% and the adults' of 77,08% viability. Being ended that the culture of the cassava assists to the demands nutricionais of S. frugiperda.

Objectified in this study to determine the composition of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in the perennial soy (Neonotonia wightii), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and guandu (Cajanus cajan). The samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after the acid hydrolyses or preoxidation. The higher and lower levels of soluble crude protein (A fraction) were obtained with leucaena and guandu (33.92 and 16.87%, respectively) and the higher and lower levels of acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP) were obtained with guandu and rami (26.68 e 2.83%). It were registered higher concentration of essential amino acids in rami (48.06%) and lower concentration in cassava (42.20%), being verified with it the higher level in lysine and methionine to the rami (6.41e 2.66%, respectively), and lower level to the cassava (5.49%) and to the guandu (2.02%) respectively. It were registered too higher concentration of non-essential amino acids to the rami (47.11%) and the lower level to the perennial soy (42.20%). Therefore, it can be concluded to the correct evaluation of these foods, should be considered the amino acid composition and fractionation of the crude protein, because the simply analysis of crude protein don't represent precisely and don't propitiate the correct estimative of the profile and biodisponibility of amino acids that them escape and flow to the intestinal tract of the animal and your metabolism.

This work had as objective studying the extraction of cadmium and evaluate four extractors as conventional chemical: Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, TEA-DTPA and CaCl2 as indicators of the availability of cadmium in plants (Zea mays) in soils of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The soils were submitted to the correction of pH and chemical and physical analysis. The determination of total cadmium in samples of soil, were made through the technique of digestion digesters in tubes containing nitric acid with the ratio of 3:1 v / v (aqua regia). The extracts were read by the atomic absorption spectrometry, setting up the total concentration of cadmium in the samples. For the extraction of cadmium in the plant samples were submitted to digestion nitric-perclórica will ratio of 3:1 (v / v). Statistical analyses were made in the programme Statistic 6.0, where the data were submitted to the analysis of variance and correlation, is adopting levels of significance of 1% and 5% probability. The capacidae recovery of extractors used followed the following order: Water Régia> Mehlich-1> Mehlich-3> DTPA-TEA> CaCl2. The aqua regia was a good extractor for phytoavailability, presenting the second highest correlation coefficient. The CaCl2 was given the best extractor due to the availability has presented better correlation between the cadmium content in dry plant maize and extracted by extratoras tested solutions. On average the Neossolo Quartzarênico led to better absorption of cadmium by plants of maize and Neossolo Flúvico and Haplic Cambisol the minors.

To the evaluate the different alternative foods identify like an agroindustrial by-products through on the total apparent digestibility and digestible nutrients determinations five Criole adult horses were housed in individual metabolism cages. From the reference diet (DR) contained peletized ration and tifton-85 hay, was made the substitution in 30% with weight basis (kg/kg) for each one of the agro industrial by-products, soybean residue (RS), soybean hulls (CS), wheat hulls (CT) and corn hulls (CM). In the digestibility obtained with each one of the alternative foods, the best values were obtained with CT (45.31% crude protein), with RS (78.86% ethereal extract), with CS (82.53% neutral detergent fiber), with CS (85.75% acid detergent fiber), CM (96.92 % non structural carbohydrate), CM (57.18 % total carbohydrate) e CS (57.67 % crude energy). In the determination of nutritional value with each one of the alternative foods, the best values were obtained with CT (7.53 % DCP), RS (5.11 % DEE), CS (53.04 % DNDF), CS (40.77 % DADF), CT (35.82 % DNSC), CM (48.12 % DTC), CM (2101 DEB kcal/kg). It was suggest that all alternative foods tested in this study can be used in the feeding horse, more over, the inclusion level and combination of these by-products in the diets to maximize feed efficiency and mantence of the digestive tract health will be depend on the readiness and regional cost.

An experiment was carried out at a greenhouse of Plant Science Department of the Universidad Federal Rural do Semi-Arid (UFERSA), Mossoró-RN, in the period of May to June of 2006, with the objective of determing the best treatment with scarlet starglory (Ipomoea glabra) incorporated to with cattle manure on rocket performance cv. Folha Larga. A completely randomized desing with seven treatments and three replications. The treatment consist of: T1 - 113g pot-1 of scarlet starglory in green base plus 21g pot-1 of cattle manure; T2 - 76g pot-1 of scarlet starglory in green base plus 42g pot-1 of cattle manure; T3 - 38g pot-1 of scarlet starglory in green base plus 63g pot-1 of cattle manure; T4 - 151g pot-1 of scarlet starglory in green base; T5 - 84g pot-1 of cattle manure; T6 ¿ Fertilization with NPK at the recommended dose for the crop and T7 - Control (no Fertilized soil). The rocket cultivar grown was Folha Larga. The evaluated traits were: plant height, number of leaves per pot, shoo fresh and dry mass. All the evaluated traits were significantly affected by the amounts of scarlet starglory incorporated. Height mean value for plant height, shoo fresh, dry mass and number of leaves were obtained in the amount of scarlet starglory incorporated of 151 g pot-1.