Se realizaron 4 ensayos en rebanos Hereford (vacas pre y postparto) con casos clinicos y muertes por tetania hipomagnesemica e hipomagnesemia diagnosticada mediante un perfil metabolico. En el ensayo 1 se utilizaron 50 g/d/vaca de MgO (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) sobre ensilaje o heno por 44 dias; en el ensayo 2 se uso el MgO + NaC1 en mezcla con avena chancada (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) por 55 dias. En el ensayo 3 se utilizo MgSO4 al 0,5% en el agua de bebida, durante 44 dias, equivalente a 10 g/d de Mg. En el ensayo 4 se utilizo MgSO4 en el ultimo mes de gestacion y MgO despues del parto, en iguales dosis a las senaladas para los otros ensayos, durante 55 dias. En 10 vacas de cada ensayo se obtuvieron muestras de sangre y orina previo a la suplementacion, durante la suplementacion (cada 11+-2 dias) y 1 semana despues de finalizada. En las muestras se determinaron las concentraciones de Mg serico (Mg-s), Mg urinario (Mg-u) y Mg-u corregido por creatinina (CUM). Las concentraciones de Mg-s solo en el ensayo 3 aumentaron significativamente (p0,05) desde 0,64 mmol/1 previo a la suplementacion hasta 0,86 mmol/1 a los 44 dias de suplementacion, el Mg-u y el CUM tambien aumentaron significativamente (p0,05) durante ese periodo. En el ensayo 1 no aumentaron significativamente las concentraciones de Mg-s pero si lo hicieron significativamente (p0.05) las concentraciones de Mg-u y CUM. En el ensayo 4 no aumentaron las concentraciones de Mg-s ni Mg-u, pero si aumento significativamente (p0,05) el CUM desde 0,12 mmol/1 previo a la suplementacion hasta 0,52 mmol/1 a los 55 dias de suplementacion. En el ensayo 2 no aumento significativamente el Mg-s ni Mg-u y el CUM fue variable en el transcurso del ensayo para aumentar significativamente (p0,05) desde 0,17 mmol/1 hasta 0,36 mmol/1 a los 55 dias de suplementacion. El CUM, si bien aumento significativamente en los 4 ensayos, se mantuvo bajo el limite de referencia de 1 mimol/1. La incidencia de casos clinicos de tetania hipomagnesemica y muertes disminuyo significativamente (p0.05) en el total de animales de los ensayos. Los resultados senalan que en rebanos de carne con hipomagnesemia la suplementacion con MgO en el alimento o MgSO4 disuelto en el agua de bebida es efectiva para mantener o aumentar las concentraciones de Mg-s, Mg-u y CUM, permitiendo reducir la incidencia de casos clinicos o muertes por tetania hipomagnesemica

This study aimed to determine the quality of drinking water supplied in different types of food stalls in Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh. A total of 35 water samples were collected from different tea stalls, street side fast food stalls, normal restaurants and well-furnished restaurants. The water quality was evaluated by determining the distinct physical, chemical and biological parameters. The results revealed that the water used in the food stalls and restaurants for drinking purpose was in desired quality in terms of turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, nitrate (NO₃⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations. The values were within the permissible limit proposed by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the World Health Organization. Concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) found in several samples were higher than the World Health Organization standard. Iron (Fe) concentrations were higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization. Only 46% exceeded the permissible limit of Bangladesh Bureau Statistics. The threatening result was that the samples were contaminated by fecal coliform, indicating that the people of Jashore Municipality may have a greater chance of being affected by pathogenic bacteria. The drinking water provided in the street side fast food stalls was biologically contaminated. The findings demonstrate that the drinking water used in food stalls and restaurants of Jashore Municipality did not meet up the potable drinking water quality standards and therefore was detrimental to public health.

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method was developed to quantify cations in mineral water. The procedure was based on integration of signals from metal-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) complexes at δ 2.70ppm for Mg2+ and δ 2.56ppm for Ca2+. The limits of detection were below 0.5mg/L. Lack of precision did not exceed 5%. Linearity was between 1 and 500mg/L. Correlation between NMR and a reference chromatographic method was significant (p<0.0001, R2=0.99). PLS models were also established to estimate Na+ and K+ contents. R2 was 0.85 and 0.83, respectively. Root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV) were 8.0mg/L and 1.9mg/L for Na+ and K+, respectively. The method was applied successfully for the analysis of 31 mineral water samples. This method is a useful tool for quantification of important cations in mineral water and might easily be adapted to other food matrices.

It is important to explore the use of alternative ingredients for soybean and fishmeal in aquaculture feeds because the demand and cost for those ingredients are expected to increase in the near future and long-term. Meanwhile, the food processing industry produces large quantities of wastes that often contain organic solids and nutrients (e.g. nitrogen waste and phosphorus) which can be converted in microbial protein (bioflocs) using suspended growth biological reactors. Bioflocs that were collected from such a reactor that treats confectionary food processing effluent water were dried and in shrimp feed as a replacement for soybean and fishmeal. A control diet (without bioflocs) was compared to three diets that replaced soybean (10, 20, and 30% biofloc inclusion) and two diets that replaced fishmeal (10 and 20% biofloc inclusion). The control and biofloc diets were formulated to be equivalent for levels of crude protein, total fat, crude fiber, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. Five juvenile shrimp were stocked per tank and each dietary treatment was tested using 8 replicates over a 35day feeding trial. Dietary treatments had some impact on shrimp performance. No differences (P>0.05) in shrimp performance were observed between the control and the diets that included bioflocs for survival (97.5 to 100%), growth (2.16 to 2.40g/wk), harvest biomass (687 to 732g/m2), or food conversion ratio (1.50 to 1.66). These results indicate the bioflocs harvested from a suspended growth biological reactor that treats food effluent water can successfully be used in shrimp diets.Alternative & sustainable protein source for shrimp culture.

Para estudiar el efecto de la suplementación con Mg en rebaños de carne hipomagnesémicos, sobre las concentraciones sanguíneas y urinarias de Mg y la prevención de la tetania hipomagnesémica, se realizaron 4 ensayos en rebaños Hereford (vacas pre y postparto) con casos clínicos y muertes por tetania hipomagnesémica e hipomagnesemia diagnosticada mediante un perfil metabólico. En el ensayo 1 se utilizaron 50 g/d/vaca de MgO (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) sobre ensilaje o heno por 44 días; en el ensayo 2 se uso el MgO + NaCl en mezcla con avena chancada (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) por 55 días. En el ensayo 3 se utilizó MgSO4 al 0.5% en el agua de bebida, durante 44 días, equivalente a 10 g/d de Mg. En el ensayo 4 se utilizó MgSO4 en el último mes de gestación y MgO después del parto, en iguales dosis a las señaladas para los otros ensayos, durante 55 días. En 10 vacas de cada ensayo se obtuvieron muestras de sangre y orina previo a la suplementación, durante la suplementación (cada 11&plusmn;2 días) y 1 semana después de finalizada. En las muestras se determinaron las concentraciones de Mg sérico (Mg-s), Mg urinario (Mg-u) y Mg-u corregido por creatinina (CUM). Las concentraciones de Mg-s sólo en el ensayo 3 aumentaron significativamente (p<0.05) desde 0.64 mmol/l previo a la suplementación hasta 0.86 mmol/l a los 44 días de suplementación, el Mg-u y el CUM también aumentaron significativamente (p<0.05) durante ese período. En el ensayo 1 no aumentaron significativamente las concentraciones de Mg-s pero sí lo hicieron significativamente (p<0.05) las concentraciones de Mg-u y CUM. En el ensayo 4 no aumentaron las concentraciones de Mg-s ni Mg-u, pero sí aumentó significativamente (p<0.05) el CUM desde 0.12 mmol/l previo a la suplementación hasta 0.52 mmol/l a los 55 días de suplementación. En el ensayo 2 no aumentó significativamente el Mg-s ni Mg-u y el CUM fue variable en el transcurso del ensayo para aumentar significativamente (p<0.05) desde 0.17 mmol/l hasta 0.36 mmol/l a los 55 días de suplementación. El CUM, si bien aumentó significativamente en los 4 ensayos, se mantuvo bajo el límite de referencia de 1 mmol/l. La incidencia de casos clínicos de tetania hipomagnesémica y muertes disminuyó significativamente (p<0.05) en el total de animales de los ensayos. Los resultados señalan que en rebaños de carne con hipomagnesemia la suplementación con MgO en el alimento o MgSO4 disuelto en el agua de bebida es efectiva para mantener o aumentar las concentraciones de Mg-s, Mg-u y CUM, permitiendo reducir la incidencia de casos clínicos o muertes por tetania hipomagnesémica | The effects of supplementation with magnesium (Mg) salts on blood and urine Mg concentrations and the prevention of grass tetany in hypomagnesaemic beef herds were examined. Two systems of supplementation were tested in 4 beef herds at grazing, between July and December 1993. The herds had an average of 100 cows and were between 7 months pregnant and 2 months after calving. The herds presented clinical cases of grass tetany, dead animals and hypomagnesaemia diagnosed by metabolic profile test. In two herds the cows were supplemented with MgO, (50 g/d/cow, mixed with silage, hay or grounded oats) for 44 to 55 days. In one trial the cows were supplemented with MgSO4 (0.5% in the drinking water) for 44 days. In the last herd the cows were supplemented with MgSO4 before calving and with MgO after calving in a similar way to the previous trials. Blood and urine samples were collected from 10 cows in each herd, starting 1 day before supplementation, and every 11&plusmn;2 days during the supplementation period and for one week after. The concentrations of serum magnesium (Mg-s), urinary magnesium (Mg-u) and creatinine corrected urinary magnesium (CUM) were determined in the samples. Of the two herds supplemented with MgO, only one presented a significant increase of Mg-s (p<0.05) during the supplementation period, reaching values of 0.71-0.78 mmol/l; whereas the Mg-u concentration of the same herd presented a significative increase (p<0.05), with values above the reference of <1.5 mmol/l. The herd supplemented with MgSO4 showed a significant increase of Mg-s (p<0.05) but the Mg-u did not increases during the supplementation period. In the last trial the Mg-s and Mg-u did not show any significant variation (p<0.05). The CUM presented a significant increase (p<0.05) in all the trials, but the values remained below the minimal reference value of 1 mmol/l. The proportion of animals with clinical hypomagnesaemic tetany decreased from 1.9% during the two months before supplementation to 0.3% and the mortality decreased from 1.2% to 0% in the same period. According to these results, in beef cows with hypomagnesaemia, supplementation with MgO given in food or MgSO4 in the drinking water is effective in maintaining or increasing the concentrations of Mg-s, Mg-u and CUM, and in reducing the incidence of clinical cases and deaths produced by grass tetany

Para estudiar el efecto de la suplementación con Mg en rebaños de carne hipomagnesémicos, sobre las concentraciones sanguíneas y urinarias de Mg y la prevención de la tetania hipomagnesémica, se realizaron 4 ensayos en rebaños Hereford (vacas pre y postparto) con casos clínicos y muertes por tetania hipomagnesémica e hipomagnesemia diagnosticada mediante un perfil metabólico. En el ensayo 1 se utilizaron 50 g/d/vaca de MgO (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) sobre ensilaje o heno por 44 días; en el ensayo 2 se uso el MgO + NaCl en mezcla con avena chancada (equivalente a 25 g de Mg) por 55 días. En el ensayo 3 se utilizó MgSO4 al 0.5% en el agua de bebida, durante 44 días, equivalente a 10 g/d de Mg. En el ensayo 4 se utilizó MgSO4 en el último mes de gestación y MgO después del parto, en iguales dosis a las señaladas para los otros ensayos, durante 55 días. En 10 vacas de cada ensayo se obtuvieron muestras de sangre y orina previo a la suplementación, durante la suplementación (cada 11&plusmn;2 días) y 1 semana después de finalizada. En las muestras se determinaron las concentraciones de Mg sérico (Mg-s), Mg urinario (Mg-u) y Mg-u corregido por creatinina (CUM). Las concentraciones de Mg-s sólo en el ensayo 3 aumentaron significativamente (p<0.05) desde 0.64 mmol/l previo a la suplementación hasta 0.86 mmol/l a los 44 días de suplementación, el Mg-u y el CUM también aumentaron significativamente (p<0.05) durante ese período. En el ensayo 1 no aumentaron significativamente las concentraciones de Mg-s pero sí lo hicieron significativamente (p<0.05) las concentraciones de Mg-u y CUM. En el ensayo 4 no aumentaron las concentraciones de Mg-s ni Mg-u, pero sí aumentó significativamente (p<0.05) el CUM desde 0.12 mmol/l previo a la suplementación hasta 0.52 mmol/l a los 55 días de suplementación. En el ensayo 2 no aumentó significativamente el Mg-s ni Mg-u y el CUM fue variable en el transcurso del ensayo para aumentar significativamente (p<0.05) desde 0.17 mmol/l hasta 0.36 mmol/l a los 55 días de suplementación. El CUM, si bien aumentó significativamente en los 4 ensayos, se mantuvo bajo el límite de referencia de 1 mmol/l. La incidencia de casos clínicos de tetania hipomagnesémica y muertes disminuyó significativamente (p<0.05) en el total de animales de los ensayos. Los resultados señalan que en rebaños de carne con hipomagnesemia la suplementación con MgO en el alimento o MgSO4 disuelto en el agua de bebida es efectiva para mantener o aumentar las concentraciones de Mg-s, Mg-u y CUM, permitiendo reducir la incidencia de casos clínicos o muertes por tetania hipomagnesémica | The effects of supplementation with magnesium (Mg) salts on blood and urine Mg concentrations and the prevention of grass tetany in hypomagnesaemic beef herds were examined. Two systems of supplementation were tested in 4 beef herds at grazing, between July and December 1993. The herds had an average of 100 cows and were between 7 months pregnant and 2 months after calving. The herds presented clinical cases of grass tetany, dead animals and hypomagnesaemia diagnosed by metabolic profile test. In two herds the cows were supplemented with MgO, (50 g/d/cow, mixed with silage, hay or grounded oats) for 44 to 55 days. In one trial the cows were supplemented with MgSO4 (0.5% in the drinking water) for 44 days. In the last herd the cows were supplemented with MgSO4 before calving and with MgO after calving in a similar way to the previous trials. Blood and urine samples were collected from 10 cows in each herd, starting 1 day before supplementation, and every 11&plusmn;2 days during the supplementation period and for one week after. The concentrations of serum magnesium (Mg-s), urinary magnesium (Mg-u) and creatinine corrected urinary magnesium (CUM) were determined in the samples. Of the two herds supplemented with MgO, only one presented a significant increase of Mg-s (p<0.05) during the supplementation period, reaching values of 0.71-0.78 mmol/l; whereas the Mg-u concentration of the same herd presented a significative increase (p<0.05), with values above the reference of <1.5 mmol/l. The herd supplemented with MgSO4 showed a significant increase of Mg-s (p<0.05) but the Mg-u did not increases during the supplementation period. In the last trial the Mg-s and Mg-u did not show any significant variation (p<0.05). The CUM presented a significant increase (p<0.05) in all the trials, but the values remained below the minimal reference value of 1 mmol/l. The proportion of animals with clinical hypomagnesaemic tetany decreased from 1.9% during the two months before supplementation to 0.3% and the mortality decreased from 1.2% to 0% in the same period. According to these results, in beef cows with hypomagnesaemia, supplementation with MgO given in food or MgSO4 in the drinking water is effective in maintaining or increasing the concentrations of Mg-s, Mg-u and CUM, and in reducing the incidence of clinical cases and deaths produced by grass tetany

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles seem to have a low toxicity to terrestrial organisms, though few studies are published in this area. TiO₂ used in sunscreens are nanocomposites where TiO₂ has been coated with magnesium, silica or alumina, as well as amphiphilic organics like polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), and these coatings are modified by ageing. We assessed the ecotoxicity and propensity for bioaccumulation of an aged TiO₂ nanocomposite used in sunscreen cosmetics, and its potential effect on the frequency of apoptosis in different earthworm tissues. The earthworm Lumbricus terrestris was exposed to the TiO₂ nanocomposite for 7days in water or 2–8weeks in soil with the nanocomposite mixed either into food or soil at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100mgkg⁻¹. Apoptosis was then measured by immunohistochemistry and Ti localized by XRF microscopy. Results showed no mortality, but an enhanced apoptotic frequency which was higher in the cuticule, intestinal epithelium and chloragogenous tissue than in the longitudinal and circular musculature. TiO₂ nanoparticles did not seem to cross the intestinal epithelium/chloragogenous matrix barrier to enter the coelomic liquid, or the cuticule barrier to reach the muscular layers. No bioaccumulation of TiO₂ nanocomposites could thus be observed.