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Water as a factor of differentiation in the food industry
2006
Nardone, G. | Zanni, G.
To foster their competitive advantage, food firms pay an increasing attention to strategies that tend to distinguish their products from the ones supplied by their competitors, dedicating to this task most of their resources, knowledge and creativity. In such a framework, also the resource water, often seen as an homogenous product, is more and more utilized in the advertisement as an element that increases the quality of the final good. This paper aims at building a model that can explain the observed behaviour in the different food industries and that can give some insights about the future perspectives of the utilization of the water as a differentiation factor. To reach this goal, first we present a survey of the commercials of specific food industries (beverages, pasta, bread, fresh produce), in which the contribute of water to the product is shown. On the basis of empirical evidence, we argue that the propensity to use water as an element of differentiation is greater when greater are the degrees of technological knowledge, the consumers' perceptions, and the importance of the differentiation strategy in that specific industry. Since we expect that these three factors will increase over time, we also conclude that it is rational to experiment a generalized increase of the utilization of water in the commercials of food products. We also recommend to extend the analysis testing the results using a quantitative approach | Per effetto dell'aumento della competizione sui mercati nazionali e internazionali, l'industria alimentare è spinta a dedicare una crescente attenzione alle strategie di differenziazione. A tal fine, essa impiega gran parte delle risorse, delle conoscenze e della creatività a disposizione. In un tale contesto, anche l'acqua, una risorsa spesso interpretata come bene altamente omogeneo, risulta sempre più utilizzata nelle campagne promozionali dei prodotti alimentari per spiegare la maggiore qualità degli stessi. Il presente contributo ha l'intento di costruire un modello esplicativo di questi comportamenti tale da offrire, al contempo, indicazioni prospettiche circa il ruolo dell'acqua come elemento di differenziazione. Analizzando le pubblicità di alcuni specifici prodotti (bevande, pasta, pane, ortofrutta fresca), si argomenta che la propensione all'utilizzo dell'acqua come fattore di differenziazione in un determinato comparto alimentare è direttamente proporzionale al livello delle conoscenze tecnologiche, alla percezione del consumatore e alla rilevanza della strategia di differenziazione in quello stesso comparto. Considerando che, nel tempo, ciascuna delle tre determinanti è destinata a sperimentare un trend positivo, è lecito attendersi anche un crescente riferimento al contributo della risorsa acqua all'interno dei messaggi pubblicitari. L'impostazione prevalentemente teorica del presente contributo induce a considerare particolarmente interessante l'ipotesi di testare i risultati mediante un approccio prettamente quantitativo
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]The effects of buprenorphine, nalbuphine and butorphanol alone or following halothane anaesthesia on food and water consumption and locomotor movement in rats النص الكامل
1992
Liles, Jane H. | Flecknell, P. A.
Locomotor activity and food and water consumption are potentially indices of post-operative pain in laboratory rodents, but it is important to establish whether these variables are directly affected by opioid analgesics or by halothane anaesthesia in normal rats. The effects of three opioids, buprenorphine, nalbuphine and butorphanol administered alone or following halothane anaesthesia, were studied in groups of normal non-operated adult Wistar rats. All 3 analgesics affected food intake and activity levels, but had little or no effect on water intake. Buprenorphine caused a significant elevation of activity levels and a reduction in food intake at clinical doses (0·01 and 0·05 mg/kg s/c). Nalbuphine (0·5, 1 and 2 mg/kg s/c) caused a reduction in food intake but had a smaller stimulatory effect on locomotion. Butorphanol (0·4 mg/kg s/c) caused a reduction in food intake and elevation in activity. These results suggest that water consumption is likely to be a more reliable variable to use when assessing post-operative pain and the efficacy of analgesics in rats.
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