Although nutritionists have long been aware of the importance of clean drinking water and sanitation, water is becoming part of the international political agenda only after a slow realization of its scarcity. This is mainly because water has been taken for granted in industrialized countries except during periods of drought. in many areas of developing countries, water shortages already exist. Even with improved management, new sources of water will have to be developed at higher costs per project. Provision of clean water and sanitation has been rendered difficult by rapid urbanization since the middle of the twentieth century. Although cities have managed to provide a water supply, they have not been able to provide sewage and wastewater treatment. Meanwhile, irrigated agriculture uses nearly 70% of world water. in the future, food security will become even more dependent on irrigation. Poor management, due mostly to low salaries and political interference, is one of the main reasons for inefficient water systems. Underpricing of water in towns and on farms discourages conservation. Furthermore, people who do not have access to tap water in developing countries pay 10 times more than those who have taps.

This study aims at analyzing the impact of water and soil conservation strategies on households? food security in the North-western part of Benin. It was conducted in the municipalities of Boukombé and Ouaké. Three villages were studied. From random way, 180 producers were investigated. The causes of soil degradation, water and soil conservation strategies, available food supply and food consumption frequency were collected. Degradation factors were analyzed using discourse analysis and prioritized using the Friedman test. Food supply and frequency of consumption were compared between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the projects using the Student t test. Land degradation is caused by socio-cultural factors (overexploitation of lands, trees? cutting, late bush fires, grazing, agroforestry and monoculture) and natural factors (heavy rains and steep gradient of the soils). The first three factors are respectively the exploitation of land, trees? cutting and late bush fires practice in both towns. Food reserves before the new crops were not affected by exogenous strategies released by the erosion control projects. But the frequency of food consumption is improved statistically among project beneficiaries than non-beneficiaries. This confirms the theory of Boserup | E Janvier et al., 'Impacts of water and soil conservation strategies on households? food security in North West of Benin', International Journal of Agricultural Science Research, vol. 3(10), pp.196-202, Academe Research Journals, 2014

J Egah, 'Impacts of water and soil conservation strategies on households' food security in North West of Benin', International Journal of Agricultural Science Research, pp.196-202, 2014 | Th is study aims at analyzing the impact of water and soil conservatio n strategies on householdsâ?? food security in the North - western part of Benin. It was conducted in the municipalities of Boukombé and Ouaké. Three villages were studied. From random way, 180 producers were investigated. The causes of soil degradation, water and soil conservation strategies, available food supply and food consumption frequency were collected. Degradation factors were analyzed using discourse analysis and prioritized using the Friedman test. Food supply and frequency of consumption were compar ed between beneficiaries and non - beneficiaries of the projects using the Student t test. Land degradation is caused by socio - cultural factors (overexploitation of land s , trees â?? cutting , late bush fires, grazing, agroforestry and monoculture) and natural fa ctors (heavy rain s and steep gradient of the soils ). The first three factors are respectively the exploitation of land, trees â?? cutting and late bush fires practice in both towns. Food reserves before the new crops were not affected by exogenous strategies released by the erosion control projects. But the frequency of food consumption is improved statistically among project beneficiaries than non - beneficiaries. This confirms the theory of Boserup

La nappe plio-quaternaire de la zone synclinale d'Essaouira constitue l'une des ressources principales pour la population rurale et urbaine de cette région. Peu profonde, cette nappe connaît, d'une part, une exploitation intense par le biais de puits traditionnels et de puits équipés. Ces derniers sont destinés à alimenter la ville d'Essaouira dont ils assurent à peu près 47 pour cent du débit d'approvisionnement total. D'autre part, elle subit les contraintes de sécheresses très répandues au Maroc, dont la plus aiguë du siècle fût celle de 1995, avec des effets qui persistent jusqu'à nos jours malgré les deux cycles hydrologiques pluvieux de 1996 et 1997. Sur le plan qualitatif, les eaux de cette nappe sont menacées par la pollution due aux nitrates résultant des méthodes traditionnelles de puisage. Cette pollution est déjà ressentie au niveau de certains puits qui ont révélé des teneurs supérieures à la norme de 45 mg/l recommandée par l'OMS