Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de água ofertado por bebedouros e provenientes das dietas via cocho em ovinos alimentados com silagens de diferentes forrageiras tropicais do Semiárido. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros sem padrão de racial definido, com idade média de seis meses e peso corporal inicial médio de 17,61±2,63 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado recebendo silagens de 4 forrageiras (erva-sal, capim buffel, gliricídia e pornunça) e 8 repetições. O experimento teve duração de 59 dias. As dietas foram fornecidas, às 9h30 e 15h30, ajustando-se a quantidade oferecida de forma a permitir sobras de 10%, sendo estas coletadas diariamente para determinação de matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CT), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina (LIG), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), celulose (CEL) e hemicelulose (HEM). O consumo de água foi determinado pela ingestão de água via bebedouro (IAVB), ingestão de água via alimentação (IAVA) e ingestão total de água (ITA). Verificou-se que os animais alimentados com dieta contendo silagem de erva-sal apresentaram maior consumo (P<0,05) de água ofertada no bebedouro (4,466 kg/dia) e maior consumo de água total (5,383 kg/dia), já os animais alimentados com dietas contendo silagem de gliricídia (1,267 kg/dia) e pornunça (1,143 kg/dia) ingeriram mais água proveniente da dieta (P<0,05). Cordeiros alimentados com silagem de erva-sal necessitam de maior ingestão de água para suprir seu requerimento hídrico

The increase in population coupled with rising per capita income and associated change in consumption habits will put unprecedented stress on food, energy and water (FEW) resources. Sustainable and reliable fresh water supply is central for life and also for all sectors that support our existence. Uncertainty on water security prompted interest in investigation of renewable energy driven desalination processes. One particularly promising option is to produce fresh water from the two most abundant resources on earth: solar energy and seawater. In this study, using Solar Electricity, Water, Food and Chemical (SEWFAC) process synthesis concept, we explore and identify synergistic integration alternatives of multi stage flash desalination, solar thermal power, and hydrogen production processes. The promising options have been analyzed by detailed process simulation and optimization using an integrated Aspen Plus and MATLAB modeling environment. The proposed process designs can meet the water and electricity demand with rather high conversion efficiencies. Furthermore, integration of solar hydrogen production and hydrogen-fired power plant can enable continuous production of fresh water and electricity in solar-rich water-poor regions. In addition to other metrics, we have evaluated the performance of the desalination process from power point of view with a new metric, Electricity Equivalent Water (EEW) to demonstrate the marginal energy penalty of desalination. Integration of thermal desalination processes with electricity and hydrogen production is a synergistic alliance and can play a pivotal role in approaching FEW nexus.

Increasing water intake is often purported to reduce energy intake, and is recommended as a weight loss strategy. The few experimental studies that have been conducted to verify these claims have examined the impact of a single pre-load of water before a meal. Although correlational data indicate a relationship between hydration, energy intake, and weight status, there is very little experimental research in this area. The current studies examined the hypothesis that elevated hydration, through increased water intake, would suppress energy intake. In Experiment 1, participants (n = 49) were asked to consume either one, two, or three 500 ml bottles of water throughout the morning before a lunch buffet in the laboratory. When participants categorized as normal weight drank three bottles of water they consumed less energy at lunch, but there was no effect on participants categorized as overweight or obese. In addition, increased water intake suppressed liking of food items in all participants and hunger in females. A follow-up study (n = 45) was conducted to test if four bottles of water throughout the morning would result in a similar energy suppression in participants categorized as overweight or obese. Surprisingly, in the second experiment, there was no effect of water intake on energy intake at lunch in any of the conditions. There was, however, a similar suppression of hunger and food liking. In conclusion, increasing water intake throughout the morning only suppressed energy intake in individuals categorized as normal weight under certain circumstances, and had no effect on individuals categorized as overweight/obese.

Water, energy, and agriculture have been conventionally dealt with separately in investment planning. For each of these sectors, regulatory frameworks, organizations, and infrastructures have been put in place to address sector-specific challenges and demands. As the Middle East and North Africa works towards building a more sustainable future, a nexus approach that considers the risks and synergies among these sectors is needed. To demonstrate the added value of a nexus approach, this report applies scenario analysis and integrated assessment modelling of the water-energy-food nexus to the Middle East and North Africa. The analysis finds that water scarcity increases in all countries in the region over the coming decades, mostly due to growing demands. More importantly, the analysis finds that many countries in the region could run out of fossil groundwater by 2050 unless measures to curb unsustainable abstraction are implemented. The impacts of growing scarcity on agriculture are significant, with production projected to drop by 60 by 2050 in some countries. On the upside, reducing the dependence of the agricultural and energy sectors on water and transitioning to renewable energies can reduce water scarcity, at the same time reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This report is targeted to policy makers, the academic community, and a wider global audience interested in exploring the interactions between water, agriculture, and energy.

Communication Team ICARDA. (30/6/2013). International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas: Highlights from the Final Day, in "News & Views", pp.1-2 | Day 3 of the International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas featured lively debate, a third round of country case studies and the presentation of the synthesis of the four conference sessions - into key messages, recommendations and action points, and a proposal for taking the conference work forward over the coming years

EO water is non-toxic, non-irritant, environmentally and ecologically safe. In the study, EO water is used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against test organisms and showed highest antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis and E. coli. The tolerance power of B. cereus, E. coli, S. typhi and Listeria monocytogenes against oxidized water was evaluated and none of the organisms survived against oxidized water exposed for different time intervals. The results suggested that packaging materials. i.e. Low Density Polyethylele (LDPE) film for liquid milk packing (Capacity: 500/1000 ml), Polystyrene Cups for ice cream and dahi/ yoghurt packing exposed with EO water for 5 min showed lethal effects on microbes compared to 2 minutes exposure. In another experiment, uncleaned petri plates were also treated with oxidized water and observed that none of the bacterial cells were survived in the uncleaned plates after the treatment.

Freshwater use for food production is projected to increase substantially in the coming decades with population growth, changing demographics, and shifting diets. Ensuring joint food-water security has prompted efforts to quantify freshwater use for different food products and production methods. However, few analyses quantify freshwater use for seafood production, and those that do use inconsistent water accounting. This inhibits water use comparisons among seafood products or between seafood and agricultural/livestock products. This 'seafood gap' in the food-water nexus literature will become increasingly problematic as seafood consumption is growing globally and aquaculture is one of the fastest growing animal food sectors in the world. Therefore, the present study 1) reviews freshwater use concepts as they relate to seafood production; 2) provides three case studies to highlight the particular water use concerns for aquaculture, and; 3) outlines future directions to integrate seafood into the broader food-water nexus discussion. By revisiting water use concepts through a focus on seafood production systems, we highlight the key water use processes that should be considered for seafood production and offer a fresh perspective on the analysis of freshwater use in food systems more broadly | Jessica A. Gephart et al., 'The `seafood gap' in the food-water nexus literature?issues surrounding freshwater use in seafood production chains', Advances in Water Resources, vol. 110, pp.505-514, Elsevier BV, 2018

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Cronobacter species (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) are emerging opportunistic bacterial pathogens that can infect both infants and adults. This study was conducted to isolate and genotype diverse Cronobacter species from drinking water, chilled fresh pork, powdered infant formula, instant noodles, cookies, fruits, vegetables, and dishes in Northeast China and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance and susceptibility of the isolates. Thirty-four Cronobacter strains were isolated and identified: 21 C. sakazakii isolates (61.8%), 10 C. malonaticus isolates (29.4%), 2 C. dublinensis isolates (5.9%), and 1 C. turicensis isolate (2.9%). These isolates were further divided into 15 sequence types (STs) by multilocus sequence typing. C. sakazakii ST4 (10 isolates, 29.4%), ST1 (3 isolates, 8.8%), and ST8 (3 isolates, 8.8%) and C. malonaticus ST7 (four isolates, 11.8%) were dominant. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that all 34 Cronobacter isolates were susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, meropenem, tetracycline, piperacillin-tazobactam, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 88.2% were susceptible to chloramphenicol, and 67.6% were resistant to cephalothin. The results of this study enhance knowledge about genotyping and antibiotic resistance of these Cronobacter species and could be used to prevent potential hazards caused by these strains in drinking water and various food products.

Growing demands for interconnected resources emerge in the form of hotspots with different characteristics. The business as usual allocation model will not be able to address the current and anticipated complex and highly interconnected resource challenges. Identifying cross-sectoral synergies, and adopting a new paradigm for resource allocation, moving from silos to nexus and integration, will result in opportunities for business growth, economic development, and improving social well-being. Solutions and interventions need to be multi-faceted and opportunities need to be identified with holistic trade-offs in mind. Nexus hotspots in Texas, with its spatially varied water scarcity, energy resource abundance, and exponential population growth, differ from hotspots in Northeastern United States, where water quality, drainage, and managing extreme events are greater challenges. While the principles and experiences of FEW system dynamics are common across hotspots, the solutions and responses to system challenges are bound by local knowledge, conditions, and rates of change.