Twelve ruminally, duodenally, and ileally-cannulated Hereford heifers (average initial BW 313 +/- 20 kg) were used in a replicated experiment to evaluate dairy food processing wash water solids (WWS) as a protein source. Heifers were fed 2.8 kg of chopped (7.6 cm) hay and one of three supplements (1.5 kg/d, DM basis). Supplements were formulated to be similar in energy and contained 1.0 (control), 23.2 (WWS), and 21.6% (soybean meal; SBM) CP on an OM basis. Total N and nonammonia N entering the duodenum (g/d) were greater (P <. 10) for heifers fed WWS and SBM supplements than for controls. Bacterial N flow (g/d) at the duodenum was less (P < .10) for controls (43.9) than for WWS- (63.9) and SBM- (69.9) supplemented heifers. Feed escape N (g/d) was greater (P < .10) for WWS-fed heifers than for those fed SBM (32.1 vs 20.7 g/d, respectively). Total tract N digestion (g/d) was greatest (P < .10) for SBM, intermediate for WWS, and least for control heifers. Microbial protein synthesis (g/kg of OM intake) was enhanced (P < .10) by WWS and SBM supplementation, but efficiency of synthesis (g/kg of OM fermented) did not differ among treatments. Essential amino acid (AA) disappearance in the small intestine (g/d) was less (P < .10) for control than for the other two treatments. Nonessential AA disappearance was greatest (P < .10) for the WWS and least (P < .10) for the control treatment. Based on our short-term feeding data, WWS can be used as a protein source for ruminants, but N availability of WWS seems less than that of soybean meal.

A cavidade bucofaringeana de Leporinus reinhardrí e Brycon lundii apresenta características anatômicas pouco especializadas, funcionais para a captura, preparação pré-digestiva e deglutição de alimento de consistências e portes diversos, de origem animal e vegetal. O estabelecimento das relações entre os hábitos alimentares e a anatomia da cavidade bucefaringeana dessas espécies é complexo, uma vez que os seus aspectos alimentares são amplos e há possibilidades de alterações do regime alimentar com a disponibilidade do alimento no ambiente, nas diferentes épocas de ano. | The bum-pharyngeal Cavity of the Leparinus reinhardti and Brycon lundíi has relatively unspecialized anatomic characteristics, whose function is the capture, pre-cardic preparation and swallowing of food of different consistencies and size, of animal and vegetable origin. The relationship between feeding habits and morphology is complex in these species due to their wide range in food choice according to seasonal availability.

Twelve ruminally, duodenally, and ileally cannulated (average initial BW 313 +/- 20 kg) and 27 intact Hereford heifers (average initial BW 256 +/- 17 kg) were used in two experiments to evaluate dairy food wash water solids (WWS) as a protein source in medium-quality hay diets. Heifers received a basal diet of orchardgrass hay (7.4% CP) and were assigned to one of three supplement treatments: control (C;.9% CP), WWS (18.8% CP)-, and soybean meal (SBM 19.1% Cp)-based supplements (fed at 1.5 kg of DM/d). Supplements were formulated to have similar ME concentrations. Ruminal ammonia concentrations were greater (P <.10) for WWS- and SBM-supplemented heifers than for C heifers at most sampling times. Moreover, WWS and SBM increased (P < .10) total VFA (mM) and acetate (mol/100 mol) and lowered propionate (mol/100 mol) at several sampling times. Ruminal fluid volume (liters) was unchanged (P > .10) by treatment; however, fluid dilution and flow rate (liters/h) were less (P < .10) in C heifers than in heifers fed SBM or WWS supplements. Wash water solids and SBM supplementation increased (P < .10) OM, NDF, and ADF digestibilities compared with C heifers. Feeding WWS and SBM supplements increased BW at 84 d (P < .10) compared with C-supplemented heifers. Forage intake at 54 and 84 d by heifers supplemented with SBM or WWS was greater (P < .10) than by C heifers. Control-supplemented heifers had the least, WWS intermediate, and SBM the greatest ADG at 84 d (P < .10; .14 vs .35 vs .48 kg/d, respectively). These data indicate that WWS may be used as a protein source without serious adverse effects in heifers consuming medium-quality hay for 84 d.

Quickened eutrophication is one of the most observed evolutions in fresh water aquatic ecosystems. This work is part of the Department of Agriculture instruction to come up with a map of areas presenting eutrophication risks in each department. Results show that among the waterbodies of the Landes littoral, the de Léon one has shown the strongest evolution since 1985 because of the external discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus that it receives from its main tributary. A minimum reduction of 80% in nitrogen and of 90% in phosphorus would be required for the pond to show mesotropic characteristics. | L'eutrophisation accélérée est une des évolutions les plus fréquemment constatées au niveau des écosystèmes aquatiques d'eau douce. Ce travail s'inscrit dans la directive du Ministère de l'Environnement visant à établir une cartographie des zones à risque d'eutrophisation pour chaque département. Les résultats montrent que parmi les plans d'eau du littoral landais, c'est celui de Léon qui a subi l'évolution la plus marquée depuis 1985 du fait de la charge externe en azote et phosphore qu'il reçoit via son principal tributaire. Il faudrait une réduction minimum de 80% en azote et de 90% en phosphore des apports pour que l'étang présente un caractère mésotrophe.