The relationship between human nutrition and the use of available resources to feed the planet's growing population demands greater attention from decision makers at all levels of governance. Indicators with dual environmental sustainability and food and nutrition security goals can encourage and measure progress towards a more sustainable food system. This article proposes a methodology that supports the development of an approach to assess the water footprint of nutrient-dense foods [m3/kg]. It provides a clear explanation of the methodology, and the use of water footprint benchmark data and corresponding United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutrient composition data to apply the process. The study analyzed data for 17 grains, roots and tubers, 9 pulses, 10 nuts and seeds, 17 vegetables, and 27 fruits. Of these, fruits and vegetables are 85% of the bottom quartile for water footprint (i.e., highly water efficient) and 100% of the top quartile for nutrient-density (i.e., very nutrient dense). Spinach is a clear winner, with a very high nutrient-density and low water footprint. The article proposes that this approach can help to establish broad typologies to guide decision makers in distinguishing between win-win, win-lose, and lose-lose scenarios of natural resource use and nutrition security. This resource, if considered along with contributing social, environmental, and economic factors (e.g., local tastes, available water resources, soil fertility, local economies) can promote a food system that offers a diverse range of nutrient-dense foods more sustainably.

We used inverse modeling to reconstruct major planktonic food web carbon flows in the Atlantic Water inflow, east and north of Svalbard during spring (18–25 May) and summer (9–13 August), 2014. The model was based on three intensively sampled stations during both periods, corresponding to early, peak, and decline phases of a Phaeocystis and diatom dominated bloom (May), and flagellates dominated post bloom stages (August). The food web carbon flows were driven by primary production (290–2,850 mg C m−2 d−1), which was channeled through a network of planktonic compartments, and ultimately respired (180–1200 mg C m2 d−1), settled out of the euphotic zone as organic particles (145–530 mg C m−2 d−1), or accumulated in the water column in various organic pools. The accumulation of dissolved organic carbon was intense (1070 mg C m−2 d−1) during the early bloom stage, slowed down during the bloom peak (400 mg C m−2 d−1), and remained low during the rest of the season. The heterotrophic bacteria responded swiftly to the massive release of new DOC by high but decreasing carbon assimilation rates (from 534 to 330 mg C m−2 d−1) in May. The net bacterial production was low during the early and peak bloom (26–31 mg C m−2 d−1) but increased in the late and post bloom phases (>50 mg C m−2 d−1). The heterotrophic nanoflagellates did not respond predictably to the different bloom phases, with relatively modest carbon uptake, 30–170 mg C m2 d−1. In contrast, microzooplankton increased food intake from 160 to 380 mg C m2 d−1 during the buildup and decline phases, and highly variable carbon intake 46–624 mg C m2 d−1, during post bloom phases. Mesozooplankton had an initially high but decreasing carbon uptake in May (220–48 mg C m−2 d−1), followed by highly variable carbon consumption during the post bloom stages (40–190 mg C m−2 d−1). Both, micro- and mesozooplankton shifted from almost pure herbivory (92–97% of total food intake) during the early bloom phase to an herbivorous, detritovorous and carnivorous mixed diet as the season progressed. Our results indicate a temporal decoupling between the microbial and zooplankton dominated heterotrophic carbon flows during the course of the bloom in a highly productive Atlantic gateway to the Arctic Ocean. | This work was funded by the Estonian Research Council (Grant 1574P), and the Norwegian Research Council through the project CarbonBridge (Project Number 226415).

Correction for ‘A highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for quantitative detection of Al³⁺ in food, water, and living cells’ by Qian Jiang et al., RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 10414–10419.

The promotion of responsible consumption is a key strategy to achieve environmental benefits, sustainable food security, and enhance public health. Countries like Spain are making efforts to reverse growing obesity and promote healthy diets, such as the recommended and traditional Mediterranean, recognized as a key strategy to improve the population's health with locally grown, traditional, and seasonal products like fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and fish. With a view to connecting water, agriculture, food security, nutrition and health, this research aims to investigate and compare the nutritional and water implications of the current food consumption of Spanish households with the recommended Mediterranean diet. Besides, we calculate their nutritional composition, compare their water footprints, and develop a new methodological approach to assess nutritional water productivity (i.e. the nutritional value per unit of embedded water). Results show that the current Spanish diet is shifting away from the recommended Mediterranean towards an alternative one containing three times more meat, dairy and sugar products, and a third fewer fruits, vegetables, and cereals. The Mediterranean diet is also less caloric, as it contains smaller amounts of proteins and fats and is richer in fiber and micronutrients. Due to the high embedded water content in animal products, a shift towards a Mediterranean diet would reduce the consumptive WF about 750 1/capita day. Additionally, the Mediterranean diet has better water-nutritional efficiency than the current one: it provides more energy, fiber, and nutrients per liter of consumptive water. The study confirms the Mediterranean diet is a healthier and more sustainable diet with strong cultural heritage.

Pickering emulsions stabilized by food-grade particles have garnered increasing interest in recent years due to their promising applications in biorelated fields such as foods, cosmetics, and drug delivery. However, it remains a big challenge to formulate nanoscale Pickering emulsions from these edible particles. Herein we show that a new Pickering nanoemulsion that is stable, monodisperse, and controllable can be produced by employing the spherical micellar nanoparticles (EYPNs), self-assembled from the food-derived, amphiphilic egg yolk peptides, as an edible particulate emulsifier. As natural peptide-based nanoparticles, the EYPNs have a small particle size, intermediate wettability, high surface activity, and deformability at the interface, which enable the formation of stable Pickering nanodroplets with a mean dynamic light scattering diameter below 200 nm and a polydispersity index below 0.2. This nanoparticle system is versatile for different oil phases with various polarities and demonstrates the easy control of nanodroplet size through tuning the microfluidization conditions or the ratio of EYPNs to oil phase. These food-grade Pickering nanoemulsions, obtained when the internal phase is an edible vegetable oil, have superior stability during long-term storage and spray-drying based on the irreversible and compact adsorption of intact EYPNs at the nanodroplet surface. This is the first finding of a natural edible nano-Pickering emulsifier that can be used solely to make stable food Pickering nanoemulsions with the qualities of simplicity, versatility, low cost, and the possibility of controllable and mass production, which make them viable for many sustainable applications.

Soils are the most critical life-supporting compartments of the biosphere. They provide numerous ecosystem services such as habitat for biodiversity, water and nutrients, as well as producing food, feed, fiber and energy. Soils undergo intense and irreversible changes due to a non-site adjusted land management and improper application of machinery and techniques in its broadest sense. In combination with the growing population (until 2050 we will have approx. 9 Billion people) the urgent need for a more reliable dataset of soil properties and soil functions gains in importance in order to even prepare more reliable models for various requests. The mechanical strength – the precompression stress - as the result of geo-, pedo and anthropogenic long-term processes - can be defined as the basis for quantifying the rigidity boundary. It distinguishes between the recompression stress (i.e. elastic, rigid properties) and the virgin compression stress range where plastic deformation including irreversible changes of properties and functions occur. The changes in the hydraulic or pneumatic functions like hydraulic or air conductivity, the pore size distribution primarily all occur in the virgin compression stress range, The same is also true for redox reactions and the biological activity (respiration) in soils but also carbon sequestration potential is also linked with the precompression stress value. Thus, a more precise definition and following of site specific functionality differences, which may exclude or concentrate certain land use or management forms are needed, in order to optimize yield, soil protection and a sustainable land use management considering the limited site specific resilience at the same moment.

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) of China, the largest hydropower project over the world, has attracted much attention to the water impoundment and water-level manipulation. In this study, we evaluated potential effects of water impoundment and seasonal water-level manipulation on the bioaccumulation, trophic transfer and health risk of HMs (Cu, Fe, Zn, Hg, Cd and Pb) in food web components (seston, aquatic invertebrate and fish) in TGR. Our results show that, after the impoundment for eight years (2003–2010), all of the six metal concentrations in aquatic biota fell within the criteria of safety quality guidelines. The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn and Hg in fish and aquatic invertebrates were higher than those before impoundment, whereas Cd and Pb were lower than those before impoundment. Nonetheless, Hg, Cd and Pb in aquatic consumers underwent an increasing trend during the entire impoundment, implying potential reservoir effect in the future. Only the concentrations of Hg, Cd and Pb in aquatic consumers exhibited a declining trend towards the dam, showing consistent with the background level at the three reaches. Seasonal variations in HM concentrations of fish and aquatic invertebrates were ascribed to the water-level manipulation associated with reservoir management. Our findings show that Hg or Cd biomagnified through aquatic food web during different hydrological periods, whereas Pb, Cu, Fe and Zn exhibited weak biomagnification power. Overall, Hg, Cd and Pb showed a higher risk than that of Cu, Fe and Zn.

Rapid population growth and increased urbanisation have contributed towards increased pressures on global energy, water and food (EWF) resource systems. Therefore, there is an imperative need for resilient and effective resource management that considers societal, environmental and economic components of sustainable development. In this regard, adopting a EWF Nexus approach that considers the interactions between sectors is fundamental. However, it requires the additional mobilisation of particular decision-making tools in order to completely address the question of resource utilisation. In fact, well-studied decision-making methodologies are necessary to sustain resources, address multi-scale challenges and ensure robust governance of EWF Nexus systems. This study highlights the current literature regarding the modelling approaches used for dynamic decision-making within the EWF Nexus focusing on mathematical optimisation, agent-based modelling and game theory. These algorithmic frameworks serve as strategic guidelines for policy makers and encourage effective decision-making related to maximising targets and minimising environmental burdens. Outcomes of this study demonstrate the complementary relationships that exist between the decision-making models highlighted, and how together with a EWF Nexus approach can be used for integrated resource management.

Despite the progress in the area of food safety, foodborne diseases still represent a massive challenge to the public health systems worldwide, mainly due to the substantial inefficiencies across the farm-to-fork continuum. Here, we report the development of a nano-carrier platform, for the targeted and precise delivery of antimicrobials for the inactivation of microorganisms on surfaces using Engineered Water Nanostructures (EWNS). An aqueous suspension of an active ingredient (AI) was used to synthesize iEWNS, with the ‘i’ denoting the AI used in their synthesis, using a combined electrospray and ionization process. The iEWNS possess unique, active-ingredient-dependent physicochemical properties: i) they are engineered to have a tunable size in the nanoscale; ii) they have excessive electric surface charge, and iii) they contain both the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed due to the ionization of deionized (DI) water, and the AI used in their synthesis. Their charge can be used in combination with an electric field to target them onto a surface of interest. In this approach, a number of nature-inspired antimicrobials, such as H₂O₂, lysozyme, citric acid, and their combination, were used to synthesize a variety of iEWNS-based nano-sanitizers. It was demonstrated through foodborne-pathogen-inactivation experiments that due to the targeted and precise delivery, and synergistic effects of AI and ROS incorporated in the iEWNS structure, a pico-to nanogram-level dose of the AI delivered to the surface using this nano-carrier platform is capable of achieving 5-log reductions in minutes of exposure time. This aerosol-based, yet ‘dry’ intervention approach using iEWNS nano-carrier platform offers advantages over current ‘wet’ techniques that are prevalent commercially, which require grams of the AI to achieve similar inactivation, leading to increased chemical risks and chemical waste byproducts. Such a targeted nano-carrier approach has the potential to revolutionize the delivery of antimicrobials for sterilization in the food industry.

In the process of urban agglomeration, water-food security can be deemed as a key to support urban development and human living, but which can be challenged by expanded population growth, accelerated industrialization, unbalance regional economic development and diversity of weather (due to climate changes). In this study, a water resources allocation and food production (WF) optimization is developed for regional sustainability under multiple uncertainties. A hybrid two-stage fuzzy programming with Laplace criterion (TSFL) is proposed into a WF optimization to handle hybrid indeterminacies, which can increase the robustness of decision-making. The WF optimization with proposed TSFL method can be applied to a practical case of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. The obtained results associated with water deficits, optimal water allocations, inadequate capacities of food production, rational irrigation schedules, sound livestock scales, optimized agricultural possessing layouts and system benefits under various population-economy regulation scenarios can be obtained. The results can reflect the tradeoff between economic development and water-food safety; meanwhile, they can display risk violation of WF plan under various credibility levels and Laplace criterions (based on TSFL method). All above results can facilitate to produce an optimized water-food plan to support the synergetic development of BTH region in a robust manner.