Established in 2002, the CPWF was designed as a 15-year research-for-development program. Phase 1 ran from 2004–2008 and Phase 2 runs from 2009–2013.<br/><br/> This year’s Annual Report is structured to provide the reader with a broad overview of CPWF’s direction in Phase 2, while reporting on key activities from 2009. The report also show how Phase 1 research has been used in the design of Phase 2 and how the program will be structured and managed in Phase 2.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth of microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria such as Cronobacter sakazakii and Bacillus cereus, in Sunsik beverages made of water, milk, soymilk, or honey-water during storage at room temperature. Prepared Sunsik beverages were stored at room temperature and the growth of total aerobic counts, Escherichia coli/coliforms, and yeast and mold were measured. Also, samples inoculated with a cocktail of C. sakazakii or B. cereus spores were stored at room temperature and their growths were determined during storage. Populations of total aerobic counts and coliforms significantly increased with increasing storage time at room temperature, which resulted in higher than 8 log and 7 log after 24 h in all samples except for the honey-water sample, respectively. Levels of total aerobic counts and coliforms were significantly lower in the honey-water sample than in the other samples after 6 and 9 h of storage, respectively. Initial populations of C. sakazakii and B. cereus ranged from 0 to 1 log CFU/mL, respectively, and these populations significantly increased with increasing storage time at room temperature. Therefore, populations of C. sakazakii and B. cereus were approximately 7 to 8 log CFU/mL after 24 h of storage. However, after 12 and 9 h of storage, there were significant differences in levels of C. sakazakii and B. cereus between the honey-water sample and the other samples, respectively. Based on these results, the addition of honey can inhibit microbial growth in Sunsik beverages; however, the best way to avoid pathogen infection would be to consume Sunsik beverages as soon as possible after preparation.

The efficacy of the ozonated water (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0 ppm) in reducing the risk of food-borne disease was investigated in this study. After inoculation of Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19112), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica biovar Typhimurium (ATCC 12598), Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43890) to lettuce, spinach, and beef, inhibition effect with different washing concentrations, time, and methods with ozonated and tap water were evaluated. As a result, there were 2.16 to 3.85 log CFU/mL reduction in different foods and 7 log CFU/mL reduction on cutting boards after watering with ozonated water. Higher than 0.2 ppm of ozonated water treatment reduced the growth of food-borne disease bacteria with increasing washing time and ozone concentration. These results suggested that the ozonated water treatment effectively improved the microbiological quality and food safety.

Agricultural systems as well as other ecosystems generate ecosystem services, i.e., societal benefits from ecological processes. These services include, for example, nutrient reduction that leads to water quality improvements in some wetlands and climatic regulation through recycling of precipitation in rain forests. While agriculture has increased ‘provisioning' ecosystem services, such as food, fiber and timber production, it has, through time, substantially impacted other ecosystem services. Here we review the trade-offs among ecosystem services that have been generated by agriculture-induced changes to water quality and quantity in downstream aquatic systems, wetlands and terrestrial systems. We highlight emerging issues that need urgent attention in research and policy making. We identify three main strategies by which agricultural water management can deal with these large trade-offs: (a) improving water management practices on agricultural lands, (b) better linkage with management of downstream aquatic ecosystems, and (c) paying more attention to how water can be managed to create multifunctional agro-ecosystems. This can only be done if ecological landscape processes are better understood, and the values of ecosystem services other than food production are also recognized.

One of the CPWF's research approaches was to examine in detail the issues of development, poverty and water productivity in 10 river basins worldwide in the Basin Focal Projects. This Special Issue has papers from nine of these basins: the Andes system of basins in South America; the Limpopo, the Niger, the Nile and the Volta in Africa; the Karkheh in Iran; and the Ganges, the Indus, the Mekong and the Yellow in Asia. A second Special Issue of the same journal looks at cross-basin analyses.

Agriculture is central to the food security and economic growth of developing countries, providing the main source of livelihood for three out of four of the world's poor. Yet it is the poorest farmers who are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. This paper briefly reviews the potential impact of climate change on food crops in the context of the wider debate on future food and water security in the developing world. The authors ask whether we should wait or act now to tackle the anticipated future problems.

Growing global population and a combination of dietary change, biofuels production, urban and industrial water demand and climate change will see food crises becoming more frequent in the next 40 years. Food and feed production must double to feed 9.1 billion people in 2050. This will require using twice as much water as at present or increasing water productivity. It is argued that we need a Blue-Green revolution to deliver water productivity increases. This revolution will depend on increases of both rainfed and irrigated production and has to include improvements in soil fertility and institutional and governance of agriculture and natural resources.

Coastal deltas represent one of the most diverse biophysical regions in the tropical developing world. These regions are also home to large human populations and are significant areas of agricultural production and industrialization. Tropical deltas currently face a number of environmental pressures stemming from their intensive use and rapid development, and new threts are emerging as a result of global climate change and expected sea-level rise. | Focusing on the developing countries of Asia, Africa and South America, chapters explore the impact of development strategies and existing land and water management practices on delta environments. New management techniques are also explored, which address conflicts between rice-based agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and the emerging threat of climate change. Illustrating the current key management challenges involved in protecting tropical deltaic systems in the face of environmental change, this book will be an essential reference for students, researchers and policy makers in agriculture, environmental science and aquaculture. --Book Jacket.