1.5 billion people live in fragility and conflict-affected settings (FCAS) and they face an increased risk of food insecurity and poverty trap. A systems approach in collaboration with innovators in FCAS is needed to produce practical and inclusive solutions that can improve the resilience of food, land, and water systems (FLWS). CGIAR is in the unique position to produce transformative policies, programming, and market strategies to bring science-driven innovation to improve resilience among FCA communities and create a bridge between the humanitarian, development, and peace (HDP) nexus. This market report conducts a market assessment across 14 countries in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia to inform a science-driven acceleration programme to scale CGIAR innovations in FCAS. The analysis in the report is from a newly developed database on FLWS-HDP innovation ecosystem actors, which includes 600+ innovator data covering 90+ solution types and 200+ funding supporters, including investors, governments, NGOs, hubs, and other collaborative ecosystem enablers. Additionally, the report draws insights from consultations with experts in the ecosystem ranging from CGIAR practitioners to innovation hubs and innovators (Chapter 1). The ecosystem mapping shows that the FLWS-HDP innovation ecosystem is still nascent in many FCA countries, and is largely concentrated on food production. Water resources, migration, and anticipatory action innovations only take up 20% of all innovations. Financial support to enable private innovators has been rising and 25% of the innovators mapped in the selected countries have raised funding amounting to over $330M as of November 2023, with investors from the private sector paving the way and with public-private partnerships (PPPs) increasingly playing an important role. Funding support from private investors and PPPs support early-stage innovation development by creating hubs, de-risking funding by co-investing with the private sector, and directly providing financial support to the innovators. International donors, governments and investors from the Global North are also prevalent in the ecosystem as 90% of actors supporting innovators are from outside the FCA countries. Local actors often work with international actors to implement programmes, co-invest, and help source high-impact innovators. There is little evidence of international research organisations’ activities in the FCAS so far (Chapter 2). Developing a sustainable FLWS-HDP innovation ecosystem in FCAS is met with challenges related to limited infrastructural resources, value chain disruptions, and heightened security risks. However, opportunities also exist, especially when innovators flexibly adapt innovations to address local challenges, and in settings where the solutions become tools to better facilitate and coordinate humanitarian, government, and private sector initiatives. Hence, supporting private sector innovation should prioritise localising solutions for the specific context to increase longerterm sustainability. Research organisations should support by developing systems to bring science to sector value chains and becoming expert support for innovators. Lastly, partnerships with governments, local actors, and international NGOs should be leveraged to bring innovations to tackle local challenges (Chapter 3). Finally, he report provides an overview of the macroeconomic and FCA context and an analysis of the FLW-HDP innovation ecosystem for each of the 14 countries The country overviews highlight that each country has a unique set of challenges and opportunities for developing a resilient innovation ecosystem, yet there are strong signals that innovators, support initiatives, and actors are making an impact in improving the conditions for FLW and HDP systems in FCA contexts (Chapter 4).

River, lake, floodplains and farmland produce foods to sustain livelihoods of communities for many generations. Given the increased population and development needs, these food production land-waterscapes have been so-called developed and transformed into specialized and controlled landscapes, claiming at increasing the management and improved productivities. These have induced the disconnection between rivers, floodplains, lakes and farmlands. Policy and institutional frameworks have been attached to these land-waterscapes. Irrigation systems have been built, cutting across the rivers, floodplains and landscapes and claiming to provide water to irrigate and improve rice farming across countries. Fishery domain has been managed into CFis and CFRs, claiming to protect and conserve fish for foods for rural population who live dependent on these resources for generations. However, fishery resources have affected by the irrigation development and rice farming, leading to decline in fish production.

River, lake, floodplains and farmland produce foods to sustain livelihoods of communities for many generations. Given the increased population and development needs, these food production land-waterscapes have been so-called developed and transformed into specialized and controlled landscapes, claiming at increasing the management and improved productivities. These have induced the disconnection between rivers, floodplains, lakes and farmlands. Policy and institutional frameworks have been attached to these land-waterscapes. Irrigation systems have been built, cutting across the rivers, floodplains and landscapes and claiming to provide water to irrigate and improve rice farming across countries. Fishery domain has been managed into CFis and CFRs, claiming to protect and conserve fish for foods for rural population who live dependent on these resources for generations. However, fishery resources have affected by the irrigation development and rice farming, leading to decline in fish production.

Climate change is proving to be detrimental for agriculture and food production by depleting natural resources such as irrigation water. Researchers and growers are turning to alternative sources of irrigation water. Growers are potentially willing to accept nontraditional sources, provided they meet the chemical and microbial standards of existing sources. To help identify research gaps and suggest future research directions, a thorough analysis of existing literature needed to be done. The aim of this study was to categorize and analyze existing research on water reuse found on the Web of Science database using a scientometrics approach. The publication dataset comprising 3072 titles, published between 1990 and 2022, was analyzed for keywords and co-occurrence of commonly used phrase groups. The global and year-wise trends in publications were mapped and graphed to identify which countries were actively researching water reuse and whether the number of publications were progressing significantly per year. The highly cited publications were also analyzed for their content to understand what differentiated them from the other publications. Our results indicated that the numbers of publications have increased considerably over the years from 1990 to 2022 with a potential to further increase by 2060, indicating a growing interest in the area of water reuse. The global distribution of publications indicated that researchers across the globe have identified this as a potential future strategy and are actively working to understand various aspects of water reuse in agriculture and food production by using experimental and modeling based study methods. The current focus is on reclaimed water and roof harvested rainwater with other prospective sources being investigated. The findings indicate that a multidisciplinary approach is required to understand the multifaceted aspects of reusing nontraditional water sources as irrigation water for food crops. Based on our study, we suggest that collaborations between academic research, agricultural industries and government agencies could lead to the integration of nontraditional water sources as irrigation water, helping to alleviate the negative effects of climate change.

Indicators from life cycle assessment methodologies (i.e., footprints) have emerged as useful tools for identifying and communicating the environmental impacts of a system thanks to they are accessible and intuitive and easy to understand to non-expert public. However, the focus on a single environmental problem is one of their main drawbacks. From this idea arises the concept of Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus, with the aim of raising awareness of the connections between the universal rights to water supply, energy security and food provision. Regarding the latter, the fisheries sector stands out as a fundamental pillar in the fight against malnutrition. In this sense, the European project “blue growth” aims to ensure that the development of the marine sector is not linked to the degradation of its ecosystems. However, although producers and authorities are willing to communicate the sustainability of products, there is still no standard methodology for reporting it. With the purpose of remedying this current situation, this paper aims to provide technical guidance to calculate a single WEF nexus index for ecolabelling seafood products in the European framework (Atlantic area). Therefore, through this, it is expected to create a useful communication channel between producers and consumers through an easy-to-read ecolabel. Nonetheless, certain aspects, such as the footprints selected or the calculation procedures selected have to be reconsidered to refine the methodology proposed, apart from broadening the approach to other food sectors with the aim that the proposed eco-certification can be present in major supply and retail chains. | This research was supported by the EAPA_576/2018 NEPTUNUS project, supported by Interreg Atlantic area. Some authors belong to CRETUS and the Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC) ED431C 2021/37, co founded by Xunta de Galicia and FEDER (EU). E.E.B. is funded by Xunta de Galicia PhD Grant (ED481A-2021/164). A.C.D. and P.Q. acknowledge FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UIDB/50017/2020 + UIDP/50017/2020 + LA/P/0094/2020), through national funds, and to the research contracts CEECIND/02174/2017 and CEECIND/00143/2017, respectively.

The approach of water, food and energy nexus is a comprehensive view of sustainability; and agriculture plays a key role in the use of these resources and food security. Considering that the identification of the indicators of the water, food and energy security nexus in the agricultural sector is the main criterion for checking the status of the deployment of these resources in order to establish security in the agricultural sector. The gap in this field has caused this article to compile and evaluate the indicators of the approach of water, food and energy security nexus in the agricultural sector. To achieve this goal, the method of qualitative content analysis was used, using MAXQDA 18 software and manual analysis. The research sample included 228 articles related to the research topic, which were published in national and international journals during the years 2007-2022. The findings showed; Water, food, and energy security have eight, fourteen, and ten indicators, respectively, which were categorized into four categories: access, availability, usability, and sustainability. According to the findings, we conclude that these indicators include the dimensions of sustainable development, including economic, social and environmental dimensions, and are interdependent. Therefore, these indicators are a comprehensive tool to measure the approach of water, food and energy nexus in the direction of sustainable development.

Changes in watershed land cover have an impact on reducing water discharge, as well as other derivative impacts such as the productivity of food crops, horticulture, and plantations. This study tries to offer a conceptual model of the effect of changes in watershed land cover, water discharge, and food productivity through food crops, horticultural crops, and plantation crops. This study uses a quantitative approach based on time series data between 2002 and 2021. Data is analyzed using a structural model approach with SEM-SmartPLS software. As a result, changes in land cover have a significant effect on water discharge, but they have no effect on food productivity. Water discharge has a significant effect on food production, and changes in land cover greatly affect food productivity through the role of intermediary variables (mediation) of water discharge. In 2041, changes in land cover can reduce water discharge by around 47.9%. Then the water discharge is estimated to have an impact on the productivity of food crops by 62.3%, vegetable productivity by around 45.7%, and plantation crop productivity by around 72.7%.

El agua contiene en su composición diferentes concentraciones de materia orgánica representada por la “flora bacteriana”, siendo Pseudomonas aeruginosa uno de los microorganismos utilizados a modo de indicador de potabilidad, cuyo diagnóstico se apoya en el cultivo y aislamiento bacteriológico. Este, se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en la naturaleza, formando parte de la microbiota y se caracteriza por proliferar en ambientes con alto porcentaje de humedad y sobrevivir en ambientes con bajo contenido de nutrientes. El agua analizada provino de la industria de alimentos utilizada como materia prima o limpieza. Esta puede contener microorganismos de forma natural, que, en el proceso de potabilización, los patógenos son eliminados y los mesófilos aerobios reducidos a niveles aceptables. Este proceso no siempre es eficiente, dado que P. aeruginosa es capaz de adaptarse a diferentes entornos ambientales, agrupándose y desarrollando biopelículas que les ofrece resistencia a los agentes desinfectantes empleados para la potabilización del agua. El objetivo fue conocer la eficacia del tratamiento de potabilización empleado en los procesos industriales, mediante la detección del indicador P. aeruginosa. Las muestras se procesaron de acuerdo a Standard Methods For The Examination of Wather & Wastewater.st. El estudio de laboratorio se realizó por la Técnica de Tubos Múltiples. En la Prueba supuesta: Se inoculó cinco muestras de0ml en el medio líquido asparagina, se llevó a estufa de cultivo a7°C por 8 horas; la producción de pigmento verde fluorescente indicó positividad del análisis. Este medio líquido se preparó con:00 ml de agua destilada, 0, g sulfato de magnesio (MgSO), Laboratorio Mallinckrodt; 0,6 g potasio dihidrógeno fosfato (KH PO), Laboratorio Merck,,8g L-Asparagina Laboratorio Biopack, fraccionando en tubos de ensayo, esterilizados en autoclave a5oC, atmósfera por5 minutos y luego conservados en refrigeración. Las catorce muestras positivas de la prueba supuesta, se sembraron en Cetrimida Agar Base, confirmando su presencia. La relevancia de su detección y presencia en el agua puso de manifiesto la necesidad evidente de corregir el desvío en el tratamiento de potabilización y con ello asegurar la inocuidad del producto, siendo fundamental para obtener un alimento con estándares microbiológicos requeridos en el marco de la reglamentación alimentaria.

Resumen Objetivos: Caracterizar el territorio del Valle Central Antinaco-Los Colorados en función del nexo agua energía y alimentos; problematizar el nexo al vincular la evolución del recurso hídrico subterráneo y el consumo de energía para riego agrícola; e identificar actores para conformar un Consejo Político y Técnico. Metodología: La caracterización territorial se elaboró a partir del análisis de información secundaria considerando los tres pilares del nexo y su problematización se efectuó a partir de articular la piezométrica; la pérdida de reservas y los datos de consumo de energía eléctrica para riego; la identificación de actores se realizó bajo técnica participativa de sociograma. Resultados: Los niveles piezométricos descienden anualmente con una pérdida constante de reservas de agua subterránea, por lo tanto, la energía para riego se incrementa. Esta situación da cuenta de la (in)sustentabilidad del sistema en el sentido fuerte del término. El análisis de actores evidencia la posibilidad de conformar un Consejo Técnico y Político para el desarrollo prospectivo del valle desde el enfoque del nexo. Limitaciones: Analizar la escasez económica del agua, plantear escenarios tendenciales y profundizar el entendimiento de las racionalidades de grupos de productores para comprender las lógicas en el uso de recursos. Conclusiones: Los actuales usos y modos de gestión de los recursos demandan de cambios en torno a los límites físicos de los recursos naturales. | Abstract Aims: Characterize the territory of the Antinaco-Los Colorados Central Valley based on the water-energy-food nexus; problematize the nexus by linking the evolution of groundwater resources and energy consumption for irrigation; and identify actors to conform a Political and Technical Council. Methodology: The territorial characterization was developed from the analysis of secondary information considering the three pillars of the nexus and its problematization was carried out by articulating the piezometric; the loss of reserves and electricity consumption data for irrigation; The identification of actors was carried out using a participatory sociogram technique. Results: Piezometric levels decrease annually with a depletion of groundwater reserves, therefore, energy for irrigation increases. This situation accounts for the (un)sustainability of the system in the strong term. The analysis of actors shows the possibility of forming a Technical and Political Council for the prospective development of the valley from the nexus approach. Limitations: Analyse the economic scarcity of water, propose trend scenarios and deepen the understanding of the rationalities of groups of producers to know the logic in the use of resources. Conclusions: The current uses and modes of resource management demand changes around the physical limits of natural resources.

Introduction: The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus has evolved into an important transformative approach for facilitating the timely identification of trade-offs and synergies between interlinked sectors for informed intervention and decision-making. However, there is a growing need for a WEF nexus tool to support decision-making on integrated resources management toward sustainable development. Methods: This study developed a geospatial web-based integrative analytical tool for the WEF nexus (the iWEF) to support integrated assessment of WEF resources to support resilience building and adaptation initiatives and strategies. The tool uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to establish numerical correlations among WEF nexus indicators and pillars, mainly availability, productivity, accessibility, and sufficiency. The tool was calibrated and validated with existing tools and data at varying spatio-temporal scales. Results: The results indicate the applicability of the tool at any spatial scale, highlighting the moderate sustainability in the management of WEF resources at various scales. The developed iWEF tool has improved the existing integrative WEF nexus analytical tool in terms of processing time and providing geospatial capabilities. Discussion: The iWEF tool is a digital platform that automatically guides policy and decision-making in managing risk from trade-offs and enhancing synergies holistically. It is developed to support policy and decision-making on timely interventions in priority areas that could be showing signs of stress.