Endotherms dissipate heat to the environment to maintain a stable body temperature at high ambient temperatures, which requires them to maintain a balance between heat dissipation and water conservation. Birds are relatively small, contain a large amount of metabolically expensive tissue, and are mostly diurnal, making them susceptible to physiological challenges related to water balance and heat dissipation. We compiled total evaporative water loss (TEWL) measurements for 174 species of birds exposed to different temperatures and used comparative methods to examine their relationships with body size, ambient temperature, precipitation, diet, and diel activity cycle. TEWL in the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) was associated primarily with body mass and activity phase. Larger and more active-phase birds, with their higher metabolic rates, lost more water through evaporation than smaller, resting-phase birds, particularly at higher thermal exposures. However, maximum temperature of the natural habitat became an important determinant of TEWL when birds were exposed to temperatures exceeding the TNZ. Species from hotter climates exhibited higher TEWL. Adaptation to arid climates did not restrict evaporative water loss at thermal conditions within the TNZ, but promoted evaporative water loss at exposures above the TNZ. The TEWL of granivores, which ingest food with low water content, differed little from species with other food habitats under all thermal conditions. The effects of environmental covariates of TEWL were dissimilar across thermal exposures, suggesting no evidence for a tradeoff between water conservation in the TNZ and heat dissipation at exposure to higher temperatures. Thus, birds may be able to acclimate when climate change results in the need to increase heat dissipation due to warming, except perhaps in hot, arid environments where species will need to depend heavily upon evaporative cooling to maintain homeothermy.

To evaluate if microbiological quality of drinking water has an effect on intestinal morphology of broilers, the weekly water consumption by them was verified, and microbiological analysis of water samples, scanning electron microscopy and small intestine histology of broilers treated with filtered and not filtered water was conducted. Chickens that ingested filtered water had access to fewer fecal microorganisms (2.52±0.99 Most Probable Number MPN of fecal coliforms and 1.17±1.25 MPN of Escherichia coli) compared to those who drank no filtered water (3.62±0.67 and 2.53±1.13 MPN). At 14, 21 and 45 days old, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of 96 birds were sampled. After laboratory routine, samples preserved in glutaraldehyde were eletronmicrographed and evaluated by villous density, and the material maintained in Bouin's solution was destinated to histological slides that were analyzed morphometrically. The duodenum of birds that ingested not filtered water had the highest density of villi in response to microbiological water quality. In intestinal morphometry, were observed that birds receiving not filtered water showed increase in intestinal crypts depth and presented larger villi compared with birds that ingested filtered water. It is cocluded that filtered water, offered to broilers in a life span of 45 days, favors the maintenance of intestinal integrity. | Para avaliar se a qualidade microbiológica da água de dessedentação intervém na morfologia intestinal de frangos de corte, foram analisados o consumo semanal de água, a microbiologia de amostras de água, a microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a histologia do intestino delgado de frangos de corte tratados com água filtrada e não filtrada. Os frangos que ingeriram água filtrada tiveram acesso ao menor número de micro-organismos fecais (2,52±0,99 Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes fecais e 1,17±1,25 NMP de Escherichia coli) em relação aos que ingeriram água não filtrada (3,62±0,67 NMP e 2,53±1,13 NMP). Aos 14, 21 e 45 dias de vida, foram colhidas amostras do duodeno, jejuno e íleo de 96 aves. Após rotina laboratorial, as amostras conservadas em glutaraldeído foram eletronmicrografadas e analisadas quanto à densidade de vilos e o material mantido em solução de Bouin foi destinado à confecção de lâminas histológicas que foram analisadas morfometricamente. O duodeno das aves que receberam água não filtrada apresentou maior densidade dos vilos em resposta à qualidade microbiológica da água. Na morfometria intestinal, observou-se que aves que receberam água não filtrada apresentaram aumento na profundidade das criptas intestinais e elevada altura das vilosidades em relação às aves que ingeriram água filtrada. Infere-se que a água filtrada, oferecida aos frangos de corte em um período de vida de 45 dias, favorece a manutenção da integridade intestinal.

Lipids stored subcutaneously serve as the main energy source for long-distance bird migration. The 2 major inputs of such lipids are dietary fats and de novo synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA derived from non-lipid sources, including ingested carbohydrates. Remarkably, relatively little is known about the specific roles of dietary fats and carbohydrates in fat-deposition processes of migratory passerines. We report the results of a large-scale field experiment complemented by a captivity experiment, aimed at testing the effects of the availability of simple carbohydrates and water on fuel deposition rates of autumn-migrating passerines in the northern Negev of Israel. We found that in the main study site, Ein Rimon, where birds mostly consume fat-rich Atlantic pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) fruits, access to both water and sucrose solution resulted in faster body mass gain. Similar patterns were evident among captive Eurasian Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) subjected to the same nutritional conditions. Furthermore, supplementation with sucrose solution caused a significant reduction in the consumption of fruits by Eurasian Blackcaps, indicating that their preference for the fat-rich Atlantic pistachio fruits decreased when simple carbohydrates were available. Our results show that availability of simple carbohydrates can significantly accelerate fuel deposition rates in autumn-migrating passerines. We suggest that simple carbohydrates, dissolved in a solution (e.g., nectar), can be assimilated and absorbed faster than other food types and are therefore beneficial during the first days of stopover, when digestive capacity is reduced as a result of migration flight.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar a influência da restrição de água e ração durante a fase pré-inicial no desempenho de frangos de corte e no desenvolvimento dos órgãos (coração, fígado, moela e intestinos). Em cada experimento utilizaram-se 480 pintos machos, Ross, distribuídos em cinco níveis (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) de restrição de água ou de ração durante os primeiros sete dias de idade. As aves foram alimentadas com a mesma dieta, em composição nutricional, em todos os tratamentos. Com restrição de água ou de ração, foram observadas reduções lineares no desempenho nos primeiros sete dias de idade e redução absoluta do peso dos órgãos, no entanto, o peso relativo não foi alterado, com exceção da moela, cujo peso relativo aumentou com a restrição. Após os 7 dias de idade, verificou-se crescimento compensatório dos frangos, sobretudo na semana subseqüente à restrição (8 a 14 dias). Aos 42 dias, as aves apresentaram peso corporal semelhante, independentemente do tipo de restrição. Nas aves sob restrição de água, a conversão alimentar no período de 8 a 14 dias de idade foi melhor nas aves submetidas a restrição prévia, enquanto, entre aquelas sob restrição de ração, essa diferença não ocorreu. O percentual de hematócrito sanguíneo aumentou linearmente aos 7 dias de idade com o aumento da restrição hídrica e aos 3 dias idade, com o aumento da restrição de ração. Em ambos os experimentos, não houve influência das restrições na uniformidade do lote e no rendimento de carcaça e dos cortes. O consumo de água foi mais independente que o consumo de ração, pois apresentou menor redução quando as aves estavam sob restrição de ração.<br>Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of water and feed restriction during the pre-starter phase on the broilers performance and organs development (heart, liver, gizzard and intestines). In each experiment, a 480 males Ross chicks was allotted to a five levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of water or feed restriction during the first seven days of age. The broilers were fed with the same diet, in nutritional composition, in all treatments. With water or feed restriction, it was observed a linear reduction in the performance during de first seven days of age and reduction in absolute organs weight, however the relative weight (RW) was not affected, except for gizzard that increased with restriction. After 7 days of age, it was observed a compensatory gain of the broilers, over all in the subsequent week (8 to 14 days). At 42 days, the birds showed similar body weight independently of the type of restriction. In the birds under water restriction, the feed conversion in the period from 8 the 14 days of age was better birds submitted to previous restriction, while, among those under ration restriction, this difference did not occur. Percentage of blood hematocrit linearly increased at 7 days of age with the increase of water restriction, and at three days of age with feed restriction. In both experiments there was no influence of the restrictions in the lot uniformity and in carcass and parts yield. The water intake was more independent than feed intake, therefore showed lower reduction when the birds were under feed restriction.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar a influência da restrição de água e ração durante a fase préinicial no desempenho de frangos de corte e no desenvolvimento dos órgãos (coração, fígado, moela e intestinos). Em cada experimento utilizaram-se 480 pintos machos, Ross, distribuídos em cinco níveis (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) de restrição de água ou de ração durante os primeiros sete dias de idade. As aves foram alimentadas com a mesma dieta, em composição nutricional, em todos os tratamentos. Com restrição de água ou de ração, foram observadas reduções lineares no desempenho nos primeiros sete dias de idade e redução absoluta do peso dos órgãos, no entanto, o peso relativo não foi alterado, com exceção da moela, cujo peso relativo aumentou com a restrição. Após os 7 dias de idade, verificou-se crescimento compensatório dos frangos, sobretudo na semana subseqüente à restrição (8 a 14 dias). Aos 42 dias, as aves apresentaram peso corporal semelhante, independentemente do tipo de restrição. Nas aves sob restrição de água, a conversão alimentar no período de 8 a 14 dias de idade foi melhor nas aves submetidas a restrição prévia, enquanto, entre aquelas sob restrição de ração, essa diferença não ocorreu. O percentual de hematócrito sanguíneo aumentou linearmente aos 7 dias de idade com o aumento da restrição hídrica e aos 3 dias idade, com o aumento da restrição de ração. Em ambos os experimentos, não houve influência das restrições na uniformidade do lote e no rendimento de carcaça e dos cortes. O consumo de água foi mais independente que o consumo de ração, pois apresentou menor redução quando as aves estavam sob restrição de ração. | Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of water and feed restriction during the prestarter phase on the broilers performance and organs development (heart, liver, gizzard and intestines). In each experiment, a 480 males Ross chicks was allotted to a five levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of water or feed restriction during the first seven days of age. The broilers were fed with the same diet, in nutritional composition, in all treatments. With water or feed restriction, it was observed a linear reduction in the performance during de first seven days of age and reduction in absolute organs weight, however the relative weight (RW) was not affected, except for gizzard that increased with restriction. After 7 days of age, it was observed a compensatory gain of the broilers, over all in the subsequent week (8 to 14 days). At 42 days, the birds showed similar body weight independently of the type of restriction. In the birds under water restriction, the feed conversion in the period from 8 the 14 days of age was better birds submitted to previous restriction, while, among those under ration restriction, this difference did not occur. Percentage of blood hematocrit linearly increased at 7 days of age with the increase of water restriction, and at three days of age with feed restriction. In both experiments there was no influence of the restrictions in the lot uniformity and in carcass and parts yield. The water intake was more independent than feed intake, therefore showed lower reduction when the birds were under feed restriction.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar a influência da restrição de água e ração durante a fase pré-inicial no desempenho de frangos de corte e no desenvolvimento dos órgãos (coração, fígado, moela e intestinos). Em cada experimento utilizaram-se 480 pintos machos, Ross, distribuídos em cinco níveis (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) de restrição de água ou de ração durante os primeiros sete dias de idade. As aves foram alimentadas com a mesma dieta, em composição nutricional, em todos os tratamentos. Com restrição de água ou de ração, foram observadas reduções lineares no desempenho nos primeiros sete dias de idade e redução absoluta do peso dos órgãos, no entanto, o peso relativo não foi alterado, com exceção da moela, cujo peso relativo aumentou com a restrição. Após os 7 dias de idade, verificou-se crescimento compensatório dos frangos, sobretudo na semana subseqüente à restrição (8 a 14 dias). Aos 42 dias, as aves apresentaram peso corporal semelhante, independentemente do tipo de restrição. Nas aves sob restrição de água, a conversão alimentar no período de 8 a 14 dias de idade foi melhor nas aves submetidas a restrição prévia, enquanto, entre aquelas sob restrição de ração, essa diferença não ocorreu. O percentual de hematócrito sanguíneo aumentou linearmente aos 7 dias de idade com o aumento da restrição hídrica e aos 3 dias idade, com o aumento da restrição de ração. Em ambos os experimentos, não houve influência das restrições na uniformidade do lote e no rendimento de carcaça e dos cortes. O consumo de água foi mais independente que o consumo de ração, pois apresentou menor redução quando as aves estavam sob restrição de ração. | Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of water and feed restriction during the pre-starter phase on the broilers performance and organs development (heart, liver, gizzard and intestines). In each experiment, a 480 males Ross chicks was allotted to a five levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of water or feed restriction during the first seven days of age. The broilers were fed with the same diet, in nutritional composition, in all treatments. With water or feed restriction, it was observed a linear reduction in the performance during de first seven days of age and reduction in absolute organs weight, however the relative weight (RW) was not affected, except for gizzard that increased with restriction. After 7 days of age, it was observed a compensatory gain of the broilers, over all in the subsequent week (8 to 14 days). At 42 days, the birds showed similar body weight independently of the type of restriction. In the birds under water restriction, the feed conversion in the period from 8 the 14 days of age was better birds submitted to previous restriction, while, among those under ration restriction, this difference did not occur. Percentage of blood hematocrit linearly increased at 7 days of age with the increase of water restriction, and at three days of age with feed restriction. In both experiments there was no influence of the restrictions in the lot uniformity and in carcass and parts yield. The water intake was more independent than feed intake, therefore showed lower reduction when the birds were under feed restriction.

Mediterranean wetlands show remarkable seasonal and annual variations in their hydroperiod, i.e. the period during which they are inundated. Climate change-induced hydroperiod reductions have been shown to affect marshland birds but more studies are needed to understand this process in Mediterranean wetlands. The present study shows the demographic response of the Common Reed-warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus to an unusual and prolonged drought in the Tablas de Daimiel National Park wetland (central Spain). We used data from two constant effort mistnetting stations (2005–2013), and spatially explicit capture-recapture Jolly-Seber models. The Reed-warblers continued reproducing in a dry environment for three years after the start of a dry phase, despite progressive declines in productivity, and ultimately stopped nesting in the fourth year. After the recovery of water levels in subsequent years, the population required another four years to recover a size and productivity similar to those preceding the drought. This situation may be common in the near future given ongoing alterations of the hydroperiod in Mediterranean wetlands as a consequence of climate change and groundwater overexploitation. We also show that spatially explicit capturerecapture models allow the detection of changes in the populations of small passerines, and are an accurate approach to estimating their densities. —Jiménez, J., Hernández, J.M., Feliú, J., Carrasco, M. & Moreno-Opo, R. (2018). Breeding in a dry wetland. Demographic response to drought in the Common Reed-warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus. Ardeola, 65: 247–259.