In order to evaluate the effects of adding water to mash diets on nutrients and energy digestibility, performance, water intake and quality of pig excrement at the growing phase, 12 barrows with initial weight of 44.0 ± 3.1 kg were used. For the digestibility trial, the animals were distributed into a randomized block design based on their weight. For the performance test, 18 barrows and 18 females with initial weight of 33.0 ± 3.5 kg were distributed into a completely randomized design. All animals were hybrids lineage Agroceres Pic. Treatment one consisted of a diet formulated to meet the animals' requirement. Treatments two and three consisted the following of water:feed ration (kg:kg) 1:1 and 2:1. There was no statistical difference among treatments for the coefficients of dry matter digestibility, gross energy, ether extract, calcium and phosphorus, and for the variables of performance, moisture, and fecal nitrogen and phosphorus. In absolute terms, the reduction of fresh water intake and of phosphorus excretion for animals receiving liquid diet is 17.81 % and 15.40 %, respectively. The addition of water to pig diets at growing phase does not influence the nutrients digestibility and the performance of the animals when they are fed twice a day. | Para avaliação dos efeitos da adição de água em rações fareladas sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes e energia, desempenho, ingestão de água e qualidade dos dejetos em suínos na fase de crescimento, foram utilizados 12 suínos machos castrados com peso inicial de 44,0 ± 3,1 kg, para o ensaio de digestibilidade, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, baseado no peso dos animais, e 18 suínos machos castrados e 18 fêmeas com peso inicial de 33,0 ± 3,5 kg, para o ensaio de desempenho, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Todos os animais eram híbridos comerciais da linhagem Agroceres Pic. Foi formulada uma ração para atender as exigências dos animais (tratamento um), os tratamentos dois e três consistiram da mesma ração, com a adição da mesma proporção de água e com o dobro de água, respectivamente, sendo a unidade proporcional utilizada o quilograma. Não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, energia bruta, extrato etéreo, cálcio e fósforo, para as variáveis de desempenho e umidade, nitrogênio e fósforo fecal. Em termos absolutos a redução da ingestão de água de bebida de animais que recebem dieta líquida é de 17,81 % e a excreção de fósforo fica reduzida em 15,4 %. A adição de água em rações de suínos na fase de crescimento não influencia a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta, nem o desempenho dos animais quando o arraçoamento é realizado duas vezes ao dia.

Se preparo un concentrado proteico integral (PCI) a partir de plantas de buchon de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) y se estudio su composicion quimica. El concentrado presento 46.2 por ciento de proteina, 8.6 por ciento de lipidos totales, 1.0 por ciento de fibra cruda, 30.3 por ciento de carbohidratos totales y un 11 por ciento de cenizas. Se determino Na (0.27 por ciento), Ca (2.22 por ciento), Mg (0.18 por ciento), K (3.03 por ciento) y P (0.67 por ciento); mientras que los elementos menores presentaron concentraciones de 40, 62, 189 y 855 ppm, para el Cu, Zn, Mg y Fe, respectivamente. Las propiedades nutricionales del concentrado se discuten en relacion con su composicion de aminoacidos y a su digestibilidad in vitro con enzimas proteoliticas. El contenido de aminoacidos esenciales del producto, comparado con los requerimientos para pollos en etapa de crecimiento, mostro llenar sus necesidades, excepto para metionina y cistina (1.8 y 1.2 contra 2.0 y 1.4 g/16 g N). El valor de la utilizacion de la proteina (UNP), encontrada para el CPI de buchon de agua, solo fue de 27.4 y 34.8 cuando fue suplementado con metionina y lisina. El analisis de factores antinutricionales no mostro cantidades detectables para aquellos de origen proteico como las lecitinas los inhibidores de tripsina, ni tampoco altos contenidos de taninos (4ppm). Sinembargo los niveles de fibra dietaria insoluble aparecen muy altos (20 por ciento)

An experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the alpaca's nutritional behavior, by determining the digestibility of a diet under different nutritional requirements according to the literature estimates. Alfalfa hay and maize straw was utilized in four treatments; a control treatment supplying 100% of the energetic and protein maintenance requirements; the second treatment included 85% of the protein requirement for maintenance; the third one, supplying 85% of the energy requirement for maintenance, and the fourth treatment, covering a 85% of the energy and protein requirements. A second trial was carried out to evaluate the digestibility of different quality feeds under 100% of maintenance requirements. The trial had two treatments, one of which corresponded to the control treatment of the first trial with alfalfa hay and maize straw, and the second one with ground raspberry shoots and maize straw. Additionally, water intake was determined to study its relationship with feed intake.

Se usaron 6 cerdos de 45 kg para determinar la digestibilidad de nutrientes del jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.) incluído en dietas de miel de caña de azúcar del tipo B y harina de soya (0, 10 y 20% respectivamente) de acuerdo con un diseño doble de cuadrado latino 3x3. El jacinto de agua creció en estanques de agua procedente de un digestor anaeróbico de residuales porcinos y se secó al sol y molió. La harina de jacinto de agua (HJA) contenía cenizas, 18.98%, fibra cruda, 34.54%, proteína cruda, 16.45 %, energía bruta, 16.96 kJ/g en base seca. La digestibilidad de la proteína cruda y la materia orgánica decreció significativamente (P0.001) desde 87.0 hasta 54.8% y desde 94.9 hasta 74.4% respectivamente, para los tratamientos con 0 y 20% de HJA. En igual sentido la digestibilidad de la fibra cruda disminuyó significativamente (P0.01) y el flujo diario de AGCC y amoniaco aumentó (P0.001). La digestibilidad de la proteína cruda y de la materia orgánica de la HJA es muy baja y su uso no es recomendable en dietas para cerdos como vía de reciclado de N cuando se prepara en la forma descrita en el presente experimento. | Six 45 kg pigs were used according to a double 3x3 Latin square design to determine nutrient digestibility of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.) included in diets based on sugar cane molasses type B and soybean meal (0, 10 and 20% respectively). The water hyacinth was cultivated in ponds containing the effluents of an anaerobic pig manure system and was sun-dried and ground to obtain a meal (WHM). The WHM contained ash 18.98%, crude fibre 34.54%, crude protein 16.45 %, gross energy 16.96 kJ/g in dry basis respectively. There was a significant reduction (P0.001) in crude protein and organic matter digestibility from 87.0 to 54.8% and from 94.9 to 74.4% in treatments from 0 to 20% of WHM. The same trend was observed in crude fibre digestibility (P0.01) whereas there was a significant daily faecal output of short chain fatty acids (P0.01) and ammonia (P0.001). Nutrient digestibility of WHM is very low and it is not recommended for N and organic matter recycling in pigs due to its low digestibility.

Se usaron 6 cerdos de 45 kg para determinar la digestibilidad de nutrientes del jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.) incluído en dietas de miel de caña de azúcar del tipo B y harina de soya (0, 10 y 20% respectivamente) de acuerdo con un diseño doble de cuadrado latino 3x3. El jacinto de agua creció en estanques de agua procedente de un digestor anaeróbico de residuales porcinos y se secó al sol y molió. La harina de jacinto de agua (HJA) contenía cenizas, 18.98%, fibra cruda, 34.54%, proteína cruda, 16.45 %, energía bruta, 16.96 kJ/g en base seca. La digestibilidad de la proteína cruda y la materia orgánica decreció significativamente (P0.001) desde 87.0 hasta 54.8% y desde 94.9 hasta 74.4% respectivamente, para los tratamientos con 0 y 20% de HJA. En igual sentido la digestibilidad de la fibra cruda disminuyó significativamente (P0.01) y el flujo diario de AGCC y amoniaco aumentó (P0.001). La digestibilidad de la proteína cruda y de la materia orgánica de la HJA es muy baja y su uso no es recomendable en dietas para cerdos como vía de reciclado de N cuando se prepara en la forma descrita en el presente experimento. PALABRAS CLAVES; cerdos, digestibilidad, Eichhornia crassipes, reciclado de nitrógeno | Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.) is an aquatic floating plant which grows either as a pest (see for example, Bagnall et al 1977) or can be cultivated as part of a biosystem for pig waste treatment (Lincoln et al 1986), either for biogas production or nutrients recycling. In fact, values for crude protein content as high as 21% have been reported for water hyacinth (Shirley et al 1970). On the other hand, annual yields as high as 154 or 168 t/ha have been estimated for this macrophyte (Bates and Hentges 1976; Wolverton and McDonald 1979), depending on variable circumstances. There is some available information with regard to the feeding and nutritive value of water hyacinth for ruminant animals (Dolberg et al 1981), thus suggesting its possible inclusion in diets for cattle and sheep in the tropics. Attempts to introduce water hyacinth in pigs diet have generally failed to show improved performance traits (Combs 1970; Berto et al 1988; Hidalgo 1990) perhaps due to its high ash and fibre content (Shirley et al 1970, despite some results indicate that 31% of the DM intake of growing-finishing pigs could be originated from wilted, chopped water hyacinth (Pathak et

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of diets with different levels of inclusion of water for pigs in the weaning phase by digestibility and performance parameters. We established three treatments, corresponding to (T1) basal dry and mash diet, (T2) basal diet with the inclusion of water in the ratio of 1:1 (1kg water for 1kg feed) and (T3) ratio of 2:1 (2kg water for 1kg feed). In the digestibility experiment, 12 piglets with average weight of 19.09 ± 2.88 kg were used. The experimental design for the metabolism trial was completely randomized with three treatments and four replications. In the performance evaluation, 36 crossbred commercial line pigs, 18 females and 18 castrated males, with initial weight of 12.32 ± 1.4 kg, were used in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications, totaling 18 experimental units, with each replicate consisting of a castrated male and one female. Diets with different levels of inclusion of water did not influence (P> 0.05) (P value) animal performance and digestibility; however, the rate of metabolization of crude protein was higher (P <0.05) for a 1:1 water / feed ration in the control group.

Se realizo un ensayo con terneros Aberdeen Angus, que consumian heno de Eragrostis curvula (5 p. 100 PB y 77,8 FND) y Medicago sativa (18 p. 100 PB y 47,3 FND) y agua de bebida con 1,75 g/L y 5,9 g/L de residuo seco de evaporacion. Los terneros recibian el mismo forraje, pero diferente calidad de agua. Se midio: consumo de materia seca (CMS, kg/kg sup (0,75)), consumo de agua (CH2O, L/kg sup (0,75)) y digestibilidad (DMS p. 100). Los resultados indican que para baja calidad de forraje el CMS (0,067 +- 0,013), CH2O (0,225 +- 0,047) y DMS (56,21 +- 9,8 p. 100) fueron superiores cuando se suministro agua de alta salinidad que para media salinidad de agua (CMS = 0,060 +- 0,011; CH2O = 0,203 +- 0,044; DMS = 48,16 +- 11,42 p. 100). Con el forraje de alta calidad la situacion es inversa, con alta salinidad del agua los valores de CMS (0,108 +- 0,024) y CH2O (0,453 +- 0,087) son menores que para media salinidad del agua (CMS = 0,114 +- 0,018; CH2O = 0,525 +- 0,162) y la digestibilidad es igual para ambos casos (DMS = 66,84 +- 8,41 p. 100; 66,55 +- 7,27 p. 100). Se concluye que en condiciones de baja calidad de forraje, agua con hasta 6 g de RSE/L es beneficiosa, al mejorar la digestibilidad y consumo del forraje, pero con forraje de alta calidad, se limita el consumo de esta y del forraje.

Se estudio el efecto de la adicion de sal, disulfito de sodio y el b-mercaptoetanol sobre el proceso de fraccionamiento humedo de las proteinas del buchon de agua. Los resultados muestran que la coagulacion de las proteinas en forma de un concentrado proteico se logra mediante una accion conjunta del efecto salino y reductor que ejercen los compuestos adicionados al agua que se utiliza como medio de extraccion. Los mejores valores de extraccion y coagulacion se obtuvieron mezclando el material vegetal y el agua con 0.2 g/l (0.001 M) de disulfito de sodio en una relacion de 1:1 y adicionando acido clorhidrico hasta pH 3.0 al extracto obtenido. La metodologia final para la preparacion del CPI (concentrado proteico integral) de buchon de agua incluye el lavado del producto final con agua acidificada.