The ion-exchange resins are mainly constituted by synthetic organic polimers, with reticulated structure which form porous granules with ion charges. This charges are neutralized by their counterions available in solution, which are exchangeable, leading to a charge exchange process. The resins are very used in water deionizers, which have acid and basics groups in its structure, changeable by the cations and anions contaminants that are disposed in a resin and ions dynamic, in a process called demineralization. The comparative tests proposed to evaluate the recovery efficiency of polyfunctional resin was the conductivity test and the adsorptive capacity of the methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dye. The conductivity obtained in the recovered resins was 0,880 μS cm-1, the value contained in the band ideal for deionized water (0,5-3,0 μS cm-1). Compared to the commercial resin, the recovered one presented a superior adsorptive capacity; the anionic recovered resin (R-) adsorb 22% more than the anionic commercial (C-). Regarding the adsorption capacity of the cationic recovered resin (R+) and the cationic commercial (C+), both are practically alike. Applying the adsorption mathematical models, it was found that the recovery process applied did not modify the adsorption pattern (remaining homogenic, Langmuir), while in the C+ and R+ resin there were modification in the adsorption pattern, from homogeneous to heterogeneous (Freundlich), respectively. The FTIR tests showed the recovery modifies the morphology of the resin, but not its chemical structure. | Las resinas de intercambio iónico son constituidas, en su gran mayoría, por polímeros orgánicos sintéticos con estructura reticulada que forman gránulos porosos y son portadores de carga eléctrica. Estas cargas son neutralizadas por sus contraiones presentes en soluciones, los cuales son intercambiables y dan origen al proceso del cambio iónico. Las resinas, muy utilizadas en deionizadores del agua, tienen en su estructura grupos ácidos y básicos cambiables por los cationes y aniones contaminantes. Estos últimos son eliminados en una dinámica de iones con la resina en un proceso denominado desmineralización. Las pruebas comparativas propuestas para evaluar la eficacia de la recuperación de las resinas polifuncionales fueron la conductividad y la capacidad adsortiva frente a los colorantes azul de metileno (AM) y naranja de metilo (AL). La conductividad obtenida en el agua aplicada a las resinas recuperadas fue de 0,880 μS cm-1, valor contenido en el rango ideal para agua deionizada (0,5-3,0 μS cm-1). Frente a la resina comercial, la recuperada presentó una capacidad adsortiva superior; la resina recuperada aniónica (R-) adsorbió 22% más que la comercial anionica (C-), mientras la capacidad adsortiva de la resina cationica (R+) y de la comercial catiónica (C+) fueron prácticamente semejantes. Aplicando los modelos matemáticos de adsorción, se halló que la recuperación no sufrió modificación en el perfil adsortivo, que permaneció homogéneo (Langmuir), mientras que en las resinas C+ y R+ ocurrió la modificación del perfil de adsorción, que varió de homogéneo a heterogéneo (Freundlich), respectivamente. En pruebas de espectro en la luz infrarroja fue posible constatar que la recuperación modifica la morfología de la resina pero no su estructura química.

The success of automatic water end use disaggregation and classification strategies greatly depends on the filtering and signal conditioning of the flow traces recorded. The work presented proposes a new filtering algorithm of water consumption flow traces. To improve the performance of the filter, the parameters driving the process are found per event by an automatically calibration procedure. These parameters are selected to ensure the maximum adaptability and simplification of the filtered flow traces. The methodology has been tested with 5210 consumption events obtained from a measurement campaign conducted in a Spanish city. The results obtained show that the filtering algorithm is capable of significantly simplifying the original flow traces while maintaining their main characteristics. On average, it has been found that the most complex events can be described using only 10% of the input data. This analysis can be used to make more efficient the filtering procedure proposed. | El éxito de estrategias para la desagregación y clasificación automática de los consumos de agua en usos finales depende de un adecuado filtrado previo de las trazas de caudal registradas. Se propone un nuevo algoritmo de filtrado, cuyos parámetros de entrada se ajustan mediante un proceso de calibración automático por evento de consumo, asegurando la adaptabilidad y simplificación de la traza filtrada a la original. Esta herramienta se aplica a un caso de estudio mediante el análisis de 5210 eventos de consumo, procedentes de una campaña de monitorización en una ciudad española. Los resultados muestran que el filtro es capaz de simplificar sustancialmente las trazas de caudal manteniendo la información esencial. En media, las trazas de caudal de eventos más complejos pueden definirse con menos del 10% de los puntos de las trazas originales. Además, el análisis realizado permite identificar diversas estrategias para mejorar y optimizar el proceso de filtrado.

Resumo: Algoritmos foram usados para as análises dos componentes da produtividade da água nas subbacias do Rio São Francisco com associação de parâmetros obtidos por sensoriamento remoto e rede de estações climáticas durante o ano de 2016. Variações nas taxas da evapotranspiração atual (ET) e da produção de biomassa (BIO) ocorreram entre os ecossistemas e subbacias, afetando a produtividade da água baseada na ET (PA). Os valores da ET diária média foram de 2,1 mm d-1 para ambos os ecossistemas Zona da Mata e Cerrado e de 1,3 mm d-1 para a Caatinga, respectivamente, enquanto que para a BIO estes foram de 67, 68 e 33 kg ha-1 d-1, resultando nos valores respectivos de PA de 2,6; 2,5 e 1,7 kg m-3. As modelagens com o uso conjunto do produto MODIS reflectância em conjunto com dados climáticos diários foi eficiente para monitoramento operacional dos parâmetros hídricos e de vegetação em intervalos quinzenais ao longo do ano, destacando o potencial das ferramentas de geotecnologias para subsídio ao manejo dos recursos hídricos na escala de bacia hidrográfica. Abstract: Algorithms were used for water productivity assessments in the São Francisco River sub basins, coupling remote sensing parameters and a net of weather stations during the year 2016. Variations on actual eapotranspiration (ET) and biomass production (BIO) among ecosystems and subbasins were detected, affecting the water productivity based on ET (WP). The mean daily ET rates were of 2.1 mm d-1 for both Forest Zone and Savanna ecosystems and 1.3 mm d-1 for Caatinga, respectively, while for BIO, they were 67, 68 e 33 kg ha-1 d-1, resulting in respective WP values of 2.6; 2.5 e 1.7 kg m-3. The modelling by using the MODIS reflectance product together with weather data presented suitability for monitoring water and vegetation parameters at 15-day periods along the year, highlighting the geotechnological tools to subsidize the water resources management at the hydrological basin scale.

DIMENSIONAMENTO DE REDES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA MALHADAS VIA OTIMIZAÇÃO POR ENXAME DE PARTÍCULAS     SAULO DE TARSO MARQUES BEZERRA1 E JOSÉ ELOIM SILVA DE MACÊDO2   1 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Campus Agreste, Núcleo de Tecnologia, Avenida Campina Grande, S/N, Bairro Nova Caruaru, CEP 55014-900, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil. s.bezerra@yahoo.com.br. 2 Centro Universitário Maurício de Nassau, Departamento de Engenharia Civil, BR 104, Km 68, S/N, Bairro Agamenon Magalhães, CEP 55000-000, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil. eloim_sm@hotmail.com.     1 RESUMO   Apresenta-se, neste trabalho, um modelo de otimização para o dimensionamento de sistemas pressurizados de distribuição de água para projetos de irrigação. A metodologia empregada é fundamentada no algoritmo Otimização por Enxame de Partículas (PSO), que é inspirada na dinâmica e comportamento social observados em muitas espécies de pássaros, insetos e cardumes de peixes. O PSO proposto foi aplicado em dois benchmark problems reportados na literatura, que correspondem à Hanoi network e a um sistema de irrigação localizado na Espanha. O dimensionamento resultou, para as mesmas condições de contorno, na solução de ótimo global para a Hanoi network, enquanto a aplicação do PSO na Balerma irrigation network demonstrou que o método proposto foi capaz de encontrar soluções quase ótimas para um sistema de grande porte com um tempo computacional razoável.   Palavras-chave: água, irrigação, análise econômica.     BEZERRA, S. T. M.; MACÊDO, J. E. S. LOOPED WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS DESIGN VIA PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM     2 ABSTRACT   This paper presents an optimization model for the design of pressurized water distribution systems for irrigation projects. The methodology is based on the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO), which is inspired by the social foraging behavior of some animals such as flocking behavior of birds and the schooling behavior of fish. The proposed PSO has been tested on two benchmark problems reported in the literature, which correspond to the Hanoi network and an irrigation system located in Spain. The design resulted in the global optimum for the Hanoi network, while the application of PSO in Balerma irrigation network demonstrated that the proposed method was able to find almost optimal solutions for a large-scale network with reasonable computational time.   Keywords: water, irrigation, economic analysis. O desempenho do método foi comparado com trabalhos prévios, demonstrando convergência rápida e resultados satisfatórios na busca da solução ótima de um sistema com elevado exigência computacional.

Se pretende en este trabajo realizar un análisis del articulado del nuevo Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación en relación al agua. El nuevo código, aprobado por Ley 26.994, generó un cambio normativo que inspiró el estudio de distintos temas por él regulados, en este caso los relativos al recurso hídrico; la regulación dominical, los derechos de los particulares y los aspectos de su publicidad. | The aim of this work is to analyze the new Civil and Commercial Code of the Nation and its articles in relation to water. The new code, approved by Law 26,994, generated a normative change that inspired the study of different topics regulated by it, in this case those related to water resources; the Sunday regulation, the rights of the individuals and the aspects of their publicity. | Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) - Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

Resumen El intervalo hídrico óptimo, basado en umbrales de humedad volumétrica en el sustrato (&#952; vs), permite un control preciso del volumen y la frecuencia de riego. Se determinaron los umbrales de &#952; vs para el manejo del riego en los cultivos de tomate y chile dulce en fibra de coco en los invernaderos de la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno (EEAFBM), Alajuela, Costa Rica, en el 2015. En ambos cultivos se aplicó un tratamiento con riego (CR) y otro sin riego (SR), en un diseño completamente aleatorio. Se evaluó el contenido de &#952; vs, el potencial hídrico (&#968;h) y la temperatura de la hoja (Th) y se estimó la evapotranspiración de ambos cultivos mediante un balance de agua en el sustrato. El umbral de &#952; vs en la fibra de coco, para el manejo del riego en ambos cultivos, podría establecerse en el rango de agua fácilmente disponible de 56% a 38%, donde los valores de &#968;h fueron inferiores al umbral crítico de < -1 MPa reportado por diferentes autores y las Th fueron similares a la temperatura del aire. En los tratamientos CR, los promedios de &#952; vs en tomate (44%) y chile dulce (50%) estuvieron dentro del rango de agua fácilmente disponible (38% a 56%) de la fibra de coco. En las pruebas SR de ambos cultivos, la &#952; vs descendió a un valor promedio de 32%, próximo al punto de marchitez permanente. En &#968;h y Th las diferencias entre experimentos fueron de mayor magnitud al m.d. del día 2, donde los tratamientos CR fueron -0,84 MPa en tomate y -0,98 MPa en chile dulce; mientras que en las prácticas SR fueron -1,24 MPa en tomate y -1,3 MPa en chile dulce. Al m.d. del día 2, las Th de ambos cultivos en los diseños SR y CR fueron similares e inferiores, respectivamente, a la temperatura del aire (32,9°C). | Abstract The optimal water interval based on volumetric moisture thresholds in the substrate (&#952;vs), allows precise control of the volume and frequency of irrigation. The research determined the thresholds of &#952;vs for irrigation management in tomato and sweet pepper crops in coconut fiber in the greenhouses at the Fabio Baudrit Moreno Agricultural Research Station (EEAFBM), Alajuela, Costa Rica, 2015. In both crops, there were 2 treatments: with irrigation (CR) and without irrigation (SR), in a completely random design. The content of water &#952;vs, the water potential (&#968;h) and the leaf temperature (Th) were evaluated and the evapotranspiration of both crops was estimated by means of a water balance in the substrate. The &#952;vs threshold for water management in coconut fiber and both crops could be established in the readily available water range of 56% to 38%, where the &#968;h values were below the critical threshold of < -1 MPa reported by different authors and the Th were similar to the air temperature. The averages of &#952;vs in tomato (44%) and sweet pepper (50%) in CR treatments were within the range of readily available water (38% to 56%) of the coconut fiber. In the SR treatments of both crops, the &#952;vs decreased to an average value of 32%, close to the permanent wilting point. The differences between treatments of the &#968;h and Th were of higher magnitude at midday of 2nd day. The &#968;h in CR treatments were -0.84 MPa and -0.98 MPa, meanwhile in SR treatments they were -1.24 MPa and -1.3 MPa, in tomato and sweet pepper respectively. At midday of 2nd day, the Th of both crops and treatments were similar and lower, respectively, to the air temperature (32.9°C).

9114 | Palmira (Colombia), 1973 | p. 122-128 | Arroz