El manual de tecnologías orientadas a su incorporación en la enseñanza de la cátedra del agua nace dentro del marco proyecto cátedra del agua, lanzado durante el Cuarto Congreso Internacional del Agua y Ambiente CIAYA IV, que dentro de su principal eje de trabajo sitúa la gestión integral del recurso hídrico enfocado al intercambio de conocimientos entre expertos sectoriales, investigadores y comunidades; haciendo énfasis especial en esta última y con el apoyo del semillero de investigación desarrollo, ruralidad y municipio en el programa agua y campo, junto con la asociación realizada con una fundación adscrita a una de las empresas electrificadoras de la zona de estudio, se adelantó un proceso de validación para las tecnologías que pasaron a conformar el manual de tecnologías orientadas a su incorporación en la enseñanza de la cátedra del agua. Esto mediante la participación activa de comunidades educativas de tipo rural, específicamente aquellas ubicadas en la cuenca media del río Bogotá, con un acercamiento inicial a infancia y adolescencia, generando un espacio de intercambio de conocimientos respecto a las principales características de un recurso hídrico en condiciones adecuadas para su consumo, el valor que trae su apropiada conservación, protección y restauración. Esta pieza investigativa a modo de manual se propone como un proyecto a largo plazo para que continúe su constitución por parte de las comunidades, siendo así, una herramienta de apoyo en la enseñanza de la cátedra del agua y pueda expandirse a muchos otros proyectos a nivel regional e incluso nacional, para la construcción conjunta de una gestión integral del recurso hídrico, promoviendo esta, inicialmente en las edades más tempranas de la población colombiana. | The handbook of technologies oriented to its incorporation in the teaching of the cathedra of water was born within the framework of the macro project cathedra of water, launched during the fourth international congress of water and environment CIAYA IV, which within its main axis of work places the integrated water resource management focused on the exchange of knowledge among sector experts, researchers and communities; with special emphasis on the latter and with the support of the seedbed of investigation development, rurality in the water and field program, together with the association made with a foundation attached to one of the electrification companies of the study area, a validation process was advanced for the technologies that came to shape the manual of technologies oriented to its incorporation in the teaching of the cathedra of water; this through the active participation of rural educational communities, specifically those located in the middle basin of the Bogotá river, with an initial approach to childhood and adolescence, generating a space for the exchange of knowledge regarding the main characteristics of a water resource in conditions adequate for its consumption, the value that its appropriate conservation, protection and restoration bring; this manual type pedagogical piece is proposed as a long-term project to continue its constitution by the communities, so being a support tool in the teaching of the cathedra of water and can expand to many other projects at regional level and even national, for the joint construction of an integral management of the water resource, promoting this, initially in the earliest ages of the colombian population.

Quality of natural waters is dependent on geomorphological and edaphoclimatic characteristics of each watershed. These characteristics provide a pattern of regularity in water quality over time, affected by season and rain intensity. The variation in water quality is influenced, mainly, by anthropic actions. The population development is conditioned to the presence of water, negatively impacting the environmental quality, due to high polluting loads that return to water courses. In the agricultural environment, application of high doses of inputs may degrade water quality since these inputs can be lost by leaching or surface runoff. The objective of this dissertation was to understand hydrosedimentological factors and processes that influence water quality of a small rural watershed with intense changes in land use and management, to search for monitoring techniques capable of better identifying spatiotemporal changes in the evaluated parameters. Monitoring was divided into three strategies. The first one had the objective of evaluating surface and groundwater characteristics of the rainy season, with a monthly interval for approximately one year. During this period, water supplied to the rural community was also evaluated, comparing the characteristics of water from three sources with the national legislation standards. Considering the influence of surface runoff on water quality, the second period had the objective of identifying changes in water quality characteristics during rainfall events, also characterizing the scale effect during monitoring. The third period was to evaluate historical data of the long period, low sampling frequency monitoring in the watershed. The parameters that most interfere in the variation of the surface and ground water quality during the base flow were the biological parameters, phosphorus and the turbidity, which are above the standard established by the current legislation CONAMA 357 for most of the analyses. During rainfall events, the behavior of some parameters of water quality changes significantly with the hydrograph and sedimentograph, also varying according to the area of contribution for each sampling point. The main parameters that increased along with the hydrograph rise were turbidity, total and soluble P, Fe and K; Cu and Zn parameters showed no variation during the event; while total dissolved solids and oxidation potential presented a dilution behavior. The identification of changes in water quality according to changes in soil use and management for the studied basin was not possible through the use of low-frequency monitoring. Studies using the monitoring of variable scales, with multiparameter probes, sub-daily discretization and during events are stimulated by allowing the best characterization of the process, allowing modeling to propose scenarios indicating the main sources of pollution and helping in the definition of practices capable of reducing environmental degradation | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES | A qualidade das águas naturais é dependente das características geomorfológicas e edafoclimáticas de cada bacia hidrográfica. Essas características proporcionam um padrão de regularidade na qualidade da água ao longo do tempo, conforme as estações do ano e intensidades pluviais. A variação na qualidade da água é influenciada, principalmente, por ações antrópicas. O desenvolvimento populacional é condicionado à presença de água, impactando de forma negativa a qualidade ambiental, devido às elevadas cargas poluentes que retornam ao curso hídrico. No ambiente agrícola, a aplicação de altas doses de insumos implica em deterioração da qualidade da água, pois esses insumos podem ser perdidos por lixiviação ou por escoamento superficial. Nesta dissertação, objetivou-se compreender os fatores e processos hidrossedimentológicos que influenciam na qualidade da água de uma pequena bacia hidrográfica rural com intensa alteração de uso e manejo do solo, para buscar técnicas de monitoramento capazes de melhor identificar as alterações espaço-temporais nos parâmetros avaliados. O monitoramento foi dividido três estratégias. O primeiro teve como objetivo avaliar as características de águas superficiais e subterrâneas provenientes do período intereventos pluviais, com intervalo mensal durante aproximadamente um ano. Nesse período, também foram avaliadas a água que abastece a comunidade rural, comparando assim as características das três fontes com a legislação nacional. Considerando a influência do escoamento superficial sobre a qualidade da água, o segundo período teve como objetivo identificar as alterações de características de qualidade da água durante intraeventos pluviais, caracterizando também o efeito de escala durante o monitoramento. O terceiro período objetivou avaliar os dados históricos do monitoramento de longo período e baixa frequência de amostragem realizado na bacia em estudo. Os parâmetros que mais interferiram na variação da qualidade da água superficial e subterrânea durante o escoamento de base foram os parâmetros biológicos, o fósforo e a turbidez, sendo esses acima do padrão estabelecido pela legislação vigente CONAMA n° 357 para a maior parte das análises. Em eventos de chuva, o comportamento de alguns parâmetros da qualidade da água sofre alteração significativa com o hidrograma e sedimentograma, variando também conforme a área de contribuição de cada ponto. Os principais parâmetros que aumentaram junto com a ascensão do hidrograma foram a turbidez, P total e solúvel, Fe e K; os parâmetros Cu e Zn não apresentaram variação durante o evento; enquanto os sólidos totais dissolvidos e o potencial de oxirredução apresentaram comportamento de diluição. A identificação das alterações da qualidade da água conforme as mudanças de uso e manejo do solo para a bacia estudada não foi possível por meio da utilização do monitoramento de baixa frequência. Estudos utilizando o monitoramento de escalas variáveis, com sondas multiparâmetros, discretização sub-diária e durante eventos devem ser estimulados por possibilitar a melhor caracterização do processo, permitindo a aplicação de modelagem para elaboração de cenários, indicando as principais fontes de poluição e auxiliando na definição de práticas capazes de amortizar o processo de degradação.

El aumento de la población a lo largo de la cuenca del río Utcubamba, sin la correspondiente implementación de sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales por parte de las autoridades, ha provocado la disminución en la calidad del agua, lo que constituye una amenaza para la salud pública y la preservación del ecosistema. El objetivo de este trabajo es disminuir el conjunto de datos recogidos en grandes cuencas hidrográficas tanto a nivel de estaciones de muestreo como a nivel de variables. Se realizaron muestreos en 43 estaciones situadas en el cauce principal y afluentes más importantes, y se analizó su calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica a través de la determinación de 19 variables en tres campañas distintas (lluvias tempranas, lluvias y seca). Se aplicaron métodos estadísticos multivariantes (análisis de correlación, análisis de componentes principales y análisis cluster), para encontrar el origen de las fuentes de contaminación, naturales o antrópicas, y la distribución de la misma. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los principales parámetros que afectan espacialmente la cuenca derivan de las altas concentraciones de bacterias y de compuestos químicos, como nitritos, fosfatos y amonio. Por último, el uso de metodologías multivariantes en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos permite disminuir el número tanto de variables como de estaciones de muestreo en futuras evaluaciones.

En esta investigación se propone caracterizar plaguicidas organoclorados (POC), y parámetros fisicoquímicos en agua y sedimentos del río Tucutunemo. La información obtenida servirá para desarrollar posteriormente un modelo de transporte de contaminantes. En el año 2015, cada seis meses se colectaron y analizaron 36 muestras simples de agua y sedimentos en tres estaciones de medición. La cuenca del río Tucutunemo tiene una superficie de 116.67 km2, de los cuales 13.75 km2 son suelos agrícolas cultivados. La caracterización de los POC ha sido realizada mediante análisis químico, utilizando un cromatógrafo de gases con detector de captura de electrones, calibrado con 14 POC, de los cuales se detectaron ocho de ellos: aldrín, dieldrín, p.p’-DDD, p.p’-DDE, p.p’-DDT, endrín, o.p’-DDE y o.p’-DDT. En agua, las concentraciones de POC totales han variado desde 0.073 hasta 0.098 µg l-1, por debajo de la regulación de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, que propone 200 µg L-1. El promedio de las concentraciones de POC más altas detectadas en agua fueron las siguientes: aldrín, 0.021 µg l-1; dieldrín, 0.022 µg L-1; p.p’-DDT, 0.011 µg l-1, rango de valores que, exceptuando el p.p’-DDT, son más bajos que los propuestos por la Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) de 1.300, 0.730 y 0.001 µg l-1, para aldrín, dieldrín y DDT, respectivamente. En los sedimentos, las concentraciones totales variaron de 13.340 a 45.910 µg kg-1, observándose las concentraciones promedio más altas en aldrín, 4.508 µg kg-1 y Dieldrín, 4.169 µg kg-1. En sedimentos, el análisis de varianza detectó diferencias significativas (p < 0.05) para algunas medias de POC.

Since the costs of the water management companies cover the costs of the operations of the water distribution system, it is, therefore, necessary to adapt the water consumption of the consumers with the best price negotiated by the companies. The calibration of nodal demands of a water distribution system is a process of approximation of the predicted values calculated through a hydraulic model to the observed values. Two methods for calibration of nodal demands were analyzed: i) Classical Inverse method and ii) Inverse model method. The Inverse model method incorporates the Gradient method developed by Todini. This method is known for solving the system of mass and energy balance equations. The inverse model presents itself as more efficient and is constituted by the separation of known and unknown variables from the continuity and energy equations of the water supply network. Nodal demands with similar characteristics are aggregated to make the model determined. The Gauss-Newton method is then applied to solve the model. Both methods were analyzed through a case study of a simple hydraulic network for a transient and permanent regime. | Uma vez que as despesas das empresas de gestão de água abrangem os gastos das operações do sistema de distribuição de água, é então necessário adequar o sistema à variabilidade do consumo de água dos consumidores atendendo ao custo do bombeamento. A calibração de consumos nodais de um sistema de distribuição de água é um processo de aproximação de valores previstos calculados através de um modelo hidráulico para com os valores observados. Para este caso é considerado um sistema de abastecimento em baixa. Foram analisados dois métodos incluídos no processo de calibração dos consumos nodais: i) método inverso clássico e o ii) método do modelo inverso. O método do modelo inverso incorpora o método de Gradiente desenvolvido por Todini. Este método é conhecido pela resolução de um sistema de equações de balanço de massa e energia. O modelo inverso apresenta-se como o mais eficiente e é constituído pelo processo de separação de variáveis conhecidas e desconhecidas das equações de continuidade e energia da rede de abastecimento de água. Os consumos nodais com características similares são agregados para tornar o modelo determinado. O método de Gauss-Newton é então aplicado para resolver o modelo. Ambos os métodos foram analisados através de um caso de estudo constituído por uma rede hidráulica simples, com o propósito de simular condições iniciais segundo um regime permanente e transiente. | Mestrado em Sistemas Energéticos Sustentáveis

ABSTRACT:Due to the health risks for both humans and living beings caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the monitoring of these compounds in environmental matrices is mandatory. This work proposes an analytical method for analyzing anthracene (AN) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), two of the most representative PAHs, at ultra-trace concentrations in water, employing direct injection of large volumes of samples coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. For this purpose, principal component analysis was used to examine the behavior of AN and BaP within the chromatographic system. Results showed that AN and BaP chromatographic behavior can be described by three models representing their identification, the quantification of AN and that of BaP, respectively. The factors affecting the obtained models, such as the injection volume, column temperature, flow rate, strength of the mobile phase, and the excitation and emission wavelengths, were examined and optimized by means of design of experiments. Finally, the analytical method was validated, obtaining promising limits of detection and quantification. The developed analytical method was demonstrated to be useful for a sensitive analysis of the target analytes in relatively clean natural water matrices. | Universidad de Antioquia. Vicerrectoría de investigación | Colombia. Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación - Miniciencias | COL0008058 | COL0040402

Resumen Dada la restricción hídrica en el Valle de México, donde grupos de población no tienen acceso a redes de distribución de agua o el acceso es restringido, se genera un mercado de agua abastecido mediante carros-tanque (pipas). El objetivo fue, analizar la comercialización y cadena de suministro del agua distribuida mediante pipas en el Oriente del Valle de México con datos obtenidos en el año 2017, así como a los agentes participantes. Se utilizó el método directo del canal de comercialización siguiendo el producto desde que es extraído del pozo, vendido a los piperos, quienes lo transportan y lo venden al consumidor final. Se entrevistó al dueño de un pozo y se hicieron cincuenta entrevistas a piperos, con la información se calcularon los costos en que incurre cada agente, así como los márgenes y tasas de ganancias respectivos. Se encontró que el mayor margen absoluto por m³ lo obtienen los piperos ($52.63) en tanto que el pocero es menor ($14.75). Sin embargo, al ponderar los márgenes por los costos respectivos, la mayor tasa de ganancia (1 180%) la obtiene el pocero, mientras que la de los piperos es menor (206%). Se concluye que el mercado del agua abastecido mediante pipas es sumamente rentable, debido a que no es un mercado regulado, y que si se establecieran políticas públicas mediante la regulación se podrían disminuir los precios del líquido en favor de los consumidores. | Abstract Given the water restriction in the Valley of Mexico, where population groups do not have access to water distribution networks or access is restricted, a market for water supplied by tank cars (pipes) is generated. The objective was to analyze the marketing and supply chain of the water distributed by pipes in the East of the Valley of Mexico with data obtained in 2017, as well as the participating agents. The direct method of the marketing channel was used following the product since it is extracted from the well, sold to the “piperos”, who transport it and sell it to the final consumer. The owner of a well was interviewed and fifty interviews were conducted with piperos, with the information the costs incurred by each agent, as well as the respective profit margins and rates, were calculated. It was found that the highest absolute margin per m³ is obtained by piperos ($52.63) while the pocero is smaller ($14.75). However, when weighting the margins for the respective costs, the highest profit rate (1 180%) is obtained by the pocero, while that of the piperos is lower (206%). It is concluded that the water market supplied by pipes is extremely profitable, because it is not a regulated market, and that if public policies were established through regulation, liquid prices could be reduced in favor of consumers.

Stream water quality is controlled by the interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Among these anthropogenic factors, land cover changes at catchment scale can affect stream water quality. This work aims to evaluate the influence of land use and seasonality on stream water quality in a representative tropical headwater catchment named as Córrego Água Limpa (Sao Paulo, Brasil), which is highly influenced by intensive agricultural activities and urban areas. Two systematic sampling approach campaigns were implemented with six sampling points along the stream of the headwater catchment to evaluate water quality during the rainy and dry seasons. Three replicates were collected at each sampling point in 2011. Electrical conductivity, nitrates, nitrites, sodium superoxide, Chemical Oxygen Demand (DQO), colour, turbidity, suspended solids, soluble solids and total solids were measured. Water quality parameters differed among sampling points, being lower at the headwater sampling point (0m above sea level), and then progressively higher until the last downstream sampling point (2500m above sea level). For the dry season, the mean discharge was 39.5ls⁻¹ (from April to September) whereas 113.0ls⁻¹ were averaged during the rainy season (from October to March). In addition, significant temporal and spatial differences were observed (P<0.05) for the fourteen parameters during the rainy and dry period. The study enhance significant relationships among land use and water quality and its temporal effect, showing seasonal differences between the land use and water quality connection, highlighting the importance of multiple spatial and temporal scales for understanding the impacts of human activities on catchment ecosystem services.