El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el consumo de agua tratada proveniente de la producción petrolera en la calidad seminal del macho bovino reproductor, para ello se seleccionaron 16 toros entre 4 y 5 años distribuidos en dos grupos en los centros de investigaciones La Libertad de Agrosavia en Villavicencio y el Área de sostenibilidad agroenergetica, ASA en Acacias con disponibilidad de agua tratada de los campos petroleros, Apiay (A) y Castilla (C) respectivamente. Los animales seleccionados fueron distribuidos al azar para cada localidad en 4 tratamientos: 1) Consumo del 100 % agua de producción tratada; 2) consumo de mezcla 50 % agua de producción tratada y 50 % agua cruda; 3) consumo de mezcla 25 % agua de producción tratada y 75 % agua cruda; y 4) consumo 100 % agua cruda. Las variables consideradas fueron: calidad seminal para A y C determinadas por un sistema computarizado y de fertilidad in vitro para A evaluada por tinción fluorescente, Hoechst 33342. Los datos se analizaron estadística descriptiva, análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y pruebas de comparación de medias, Tukey, en un modelo de medidas repetidas en el tiempo. Los resultados indicaron, para calidad seminal, que los tratamientos que consumieron A y C en cada localidad presentaron diferencias (P < 0,05) para motilidad, 75,00±4,50, 69.24±4.13, espermatozoides motiles/100 células evaluadas, en el tratamiento dos respectivamente y en A para morfología, 76,67±2,06 espermatozoides normales/100 en el tratamiento cuatro, el índice de calidad espermática (ICE) no mostró diferencia (P > 0,05). Los resultados de unión espermatozoide - zona pelúcida mostraron diferencias entre tratamientos (P < 0,05), al igual que en fecundación in vitro, sin embargo, el comportamiento de estos cambios no indica asociación con el consumo de este tipo de agua. El estudio muestra que no se observan cambios contundentes o negativos que demuestren efecto en la fertilidad del toro por consumo de agua de producción tratada. | The objective of this study was to evaluate the consumption of treated water from oil production in the seminal quality of the reproductive bovine male, for this, 16 bulls between 4 and 5 years old were selected distributed in two groups in the La Libertad de Agrosavia research centers in Villavicencio and the Agroenergetic Sustainability Area, ASA in Acacias with availability of treated water from the oil fields, Apiay (A) and Castilla (C) respectively. The selected animals were randomly distributed to each location in 4 treatments: 1) Consumption of 100% treated production water; 2) Consumption of mixture of 50% treated production water and 50% raw water; 3) Consumption of mixture 25% treated production water and 75% raw water; and 4) consumption of 100% raw water. The variables considered were: semen quality for A and C determined by a computerized system and in vitro fertility for A evaluated by fluorescent staining, Hoechst 33342. The data were analyzed descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison tests of means , Tukey, in a model of repeated measures in time. The results indicated, for semen quality, that the treatments that consumed A and C in each locality presented differences (P <0.05) for motility, 75.00 ± 4.50, 69.24 ± 4.13, motile sperm / 100 cells evaluated, in treatment two respectively and in A for morphology, 76.67 ± 2.06 normal spermatozoa / 100 in treatment four, the sperm quality index (ICE) did not show a difference (P> 0.05). The results of sperm union - zona pellucida showed differences between treatments (P <0.05), as in in vitro fertilization, however, the behavior of these changes does not indicate an association with the consumption of this type of water. The study shows that no strong or negative changes are observed that demonstrate an effect on the fertility of the bull due to the consumption of treated production water. | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7604-4734 | http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8023-1367 | http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7617-6588 | http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8329-8302 | http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-5885 | http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4538-9083 | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1891-2652 | dianap.barajas@campusucc.edu.co

The aim of the present study was to research the relation between the isolated and identified pathogenic microorganisms in the water used in the milking, with the isolation and identification of the same in milk samples of teats showing clinical or subclinical mastitis. Sixteen dairy farms were randomly chosen, in Cerqueira Cesar town - SP, which used mechanical milking. Water of the farms was classified in relation to the presence of total and fecal coliforms such as in the standard or out of the standard of human potability. In the results obtained, 94% of the samples were classified as being out of the standards in relation to total and fecal coliforms. The identified microorganisms were Escherichia coli (51%), Enterobacter spp. (25%), Enterobacter cloacae (8%), Edwardsiella tarda (8%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (8%). Regarding the milk samples, 373 samples from suckling cows were analyzed, presenting clinical mastitis (n=19; 5%) and subclinical mastitis (n=354; 95%).Animals presenting subclinical mastitis were identified by somatic cell count (SCC), utilizing electronic equipment (Somacount 300 - Bentley), where the mean found was 1,631 x 10³ cells/mL. The main identified microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus (30%), Corynebacterium bovis (23%) and Staphylococcus spp. (15%). According to the results obtained, coliform agents found in the water used in the milking were not present in the analysis of the milk samples of quarters presenting clinical or subclinical mastitis from the respective farms, showing that there was not an association between water quality and mastitis occurrence. | Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, pesquisar a relação entre os microrganismos patogênicos isolados e identificados em água utilizada na ordenha, com o isolamento e identificação dos mesmos em amostras de leite, de quartos mamários apresentando mastite clínica ou subclínica nas mesmas propriedades. Foram utilizadas 16 propriedades rurais leiteiras, escolhidas aleatoriamente, na região de Cerqueira César - SP, que utilizavam ordenha mecânica. A água utilizada na ordenha foi classificada em relação à presença de coliformes totais e fecais, como dentro dos padrões ou fora dos padrões de potabilidade humana. Nos resultados obtidos, 94% das amostras foram classificadas como fora dos padrões em relação a coliformes totais e fecais. Os microrganismos identificados foram: Escherichia coli (51%), Enterobacter spp. (25%), Enterobacter cloacae (8%) Edwardsiella tarda (8%) e Klebsiella oxytoca (8%). Em relação ao leite, foram analisadas 373 amostras provenientes de vacas em lactação, com mastite clínica (n=19; 5%) e subclínica (n=354; 95%). Os animais com mastite subclínica foram identificados pela contagem de células somáticas (CCS), utilizando-se o aparelho eletrônico (Somacount 300, Bentley), onde a média observada foi de 1.631 x 10³ células/mL. Os principais microrganismos identificados foram: Staphylococcus aureus (30%), Corynebacterium bovis (23%) e Staphylococcus spp. (15%). Conforme os dados obtidos, os agentes coliformes encontrados na água, utilizada na ordenha, não estavam presentes nas análises das amostras de leite dos quartos mamários com mastite clínica ou subclínica das respectivas propriedades, demonstrando não haver associação entre a qualidade da água e a ocorrência de mastite.

The aim of the present study was to research the relation between the isolated and identified pathogenic microorganisms in the water used in the milking, with the isolation and identification of the same in milk samples of teats showing clinical or subclinical mastitis. Sixteen dairy farms were randomly chosen, in Cerqueira Cesar town - SP, which used mechanical milking. Water of the farms was classified in relation to the presence of total and fecal coliforms such as in the standard or out of the standard of human potability. In the results obtained, 94% of the samples were classified as being out of the standards in relation to total and fecal coliforms. The identified microorganisms were Escherichia coli (51%), Enterobacter spp. (25%), Enterobacter cloacae (8%), Edwardsiella tarda (8%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (8%). Regarding the milk samples, 373 samples from suckling cows were analyzed, presenting clinical mastitis (n=19; 5%) and subclinical mastitis (n=354; 95%).Animals presenting subclinical mastitis were identified by somatic cell count (SCC), utilizing electronic equipment (Somacount 300 - Bentley), where the mean found was 1,631 x 103 cells/mL. The main identified microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus (30%), Corynebacterium bovis (23%) and Staphylococcus spp. (15%). According to the results obtained, coliform agents found in the water used in the milking were not present in the analysis of the milk samples of quarters presenting clinical or subclinical mastitis from the respective farms, showing that there was not an association between water quality and mastitis occurrence. | Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, pesquisar a relação entre os microrganismos patogênicos isolados e identificados em água utilizada na ordenha, com o isolamento e identificação dos mesmos em amostras de leite, de quartos mamários apresentando mastite clínica ou subclínica nas mesmas propriedades. Foram utilizadas 16 propriedades rurais leiteiras, escolhidas aleatoriamente, na região de Cerqueira César - SP, que utilizavam ordenha mecânica. A água utilizada na ordenha foi classificada em relação à presença de coliformes totais e fecais, como dentro dos padrões ou fora dos padrões de potabilidade humana. Nos resultados obtidos, 94% das amostras foram classificadas como fora dos padrões em relação a coliformes totais e fecais. Os microrganismos identificados foram: Escherichia coli (51%), Enterobacter spp. (25%), Enterobacter cloacae (8%) Edwardsiella tarda (8%) e Klebsiella oxytoca (8%). Em relação ao leite, foram analisadas 373 amostras provenientes de vacas em lactação, com mastite clínica (n=19; 5%) e subclínica (n=354; 95%). Os animais com mastite subclínica foram identificados pela contagem de células somáticas (CCS), utilizando-se o aparelho eletrônico (Somacount 300, Bentley), onde a média observada foi de 1.631 x 10³ células/mL. Os principais microrganismos identificados foram: Staphylococcus aureus (30%), Corynebacterium bovis (23%) e Staphylococcus spp. (15%). Conforme os dados obtidos, os agentes coliformes encontrados na água, utilizada na ordenha, não estavam presentes nas análises das amostras de leite dos quartos mamários com mastite clínica ou subclínica das respectivas propriedades, demonstrando não haver associação entre a qualidade da água e a ocorrência de mastite.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, pesquisar a relação entre os microrganismos patogênicos isolados e identificados em água utilizada na ordenha, com o isolamento e identificação dos mesmos em amostras de leite, de quartos mamários apresentando mastite clínica ou subclínica nas mesmas propriedades. Foram utilizadas 16 propriedades rurais leiteiras, escolhidas aleatoriamente, na região de Cerqueira César - SP, que utilizavam ordenha mecânica. A água utilizada na ordenha foi classificada em relação à presença de coliformes totais e fecais, como dentro dos padrões ou fora dos padrões de potabilidade humana. Nos resultados obtidos, 94% das amostras foram classificadas como fora dos padrões em relação a coliformes totais e fecais. Os microrganismos identificados foram: Escherichia coli (51%), Enterobacter spp. (25%), Enterobacter cloacae (8%) Edwardsiella tarda (8%) e Klebsiella oxytoca (8%). Em relação ao leite, foram analisadas 373 amostras provenientes de vacas em lactação, com mastite clínica (n=19; 5%) e subclínica (n=354; 95%). Os animais com mastite subclínica foram identificados pela contagem de células somáticas (CCS), utilizando-se o aparelho eletrônico (Somacount 300, Bentley), onde a média observada foi de 1.631 x 10³ células/mL. Os principais microrganismos identificados foram: Staphylococcus aureus (30%), Corynebacterium bovis (23%) e Staphylococcus spp. (15%). Conforme os dados obtidos, os agentes coliformes encontrados na água, utilizada na ordenha, não estavam presentes nas análises das amostras de leite dos quartos mamários com mastite clínica ou subclínica das respectivas propriedades, demonstrando não haver associação entre a qualidade da água e a ocorrência de mastite.<br>The aim of the present study was to research the relation between the isolated and identified pathogenic microorganisms in the water used in the milking, with the isolation and identification of the same in milk samples of teats showing clinical or subclinical mastitis. Sixteen dairy farms were randomly chosen, in Cerqueira Cesar town - SP, which used mechanical milking. Water of the farms was classified in relation to the presence of total and fecal coliforms such as in the standard or out of the standard of human potability. In the results obtained, 94% of the samples were classified as being out of the standards in relation to total and fecal coliforms. The identified microorganisms were Escherichia coli (51%), Enterobacter spp. (25%), Enterobacter cloacae (8%), Edwardsiella tarda (8%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (8%). Regarding the milk samples, 373 samples from suckling cows were analyzed, presenting clinical mastitis (n=19; 5%) and subclinical mastitis (n=354; 95%).Animals presenting subclinical mastitis were identified by somatic cell count (SCC), utilizing electronic equipment (Somacount 300 - Bentley), where the mean found was 1,631 x 10³ cells/mL. The main identified microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus (30%), Corynebacterium bovis (23%) and Staphylococcus spp. (15%). According to the results obtained, coliform agents found in the water used in the milking were not present in the analysis of the milk samples of quarters presenting clinical or subclinical mastitis from the respective farms, showing that there was not an association between water quality and mastitis occurrence.

El azufre es un macroelemento esencial en rumiantes. Niveles elevados de azufre y sulfatos consumidos por rumiantes a través de las plantas, agua y otros alimentos pueden reducir el apetito y la tasa de crecimiento en los animales, afectar la absorción de otros elementos y causar afecciones respiratorias y/o neurológicas. El propósito de este estudio fue medir los niveles de azufre en la dieta, analizando las praderas (3 muestras por predio) y el agua (1 muestra por predio) en 45 predios dedicados a la producción de carne, de las regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos de Chile durante los períodos de primavera 2008 y verano 2009. Adicionalmente, se obtuvieron muestras de gas ruminal de 5 animales por predio, muestreándose un total de 225 animales por período. Posteriormente, se analizaron las diferencias en las concentraciones de azufre en agua y pradera y H2S en gas ruminal de los predios provenientes de las zonas de la costa, depresión intermedia y precordillera. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las concentraciones promedios de azufre en la pradera fueron de 1.482 ± 592 ppm y de 1.472,1 ± 448 ppm en el periodo primavera y verano respectivamente, no evidenciándose diferencias significativas. La concentración de azufre en agua fue de 1,12 ± 0,1 y 1,14 ± 0,09 ppm durante el período de primavera y de verano, respectivamente. Los resultados de los análisis por región y zona geográfica (costa, depresión intermedia y precordillera) no mostraron diferencias significativas. La concentración de H2S en gas ruminal en los animales en estudio fueron de 273,1 ± 187,5 y de 245,4 ± 180 ppm en primavera y en verano, respectivamente. El análisis de correlación entre variables indicó una asociación positiva entre los niveles de azufre en alimento y H2S en gas ruminal para el período de primavera y verano. El consumo promedio total de azufre estimado considerando las fuentes de pradera y agua en 45 predios durante ambos períodos fue < 0,2% de azufre en la dieta. En conclusión, los resultados indican que las concentraciones de azufre encontradas en los predios ganaderos de las regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos de Chile no representan riesgo para el consumo en bovinos. | Sulphur is an essential element for the metabolism of ruminant animals. However, high dietary concentrations of sulphur are potentially harmful. The purpose of this study was to measure the forage and water sulphur content in samples from 45 beef herds from the La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos regions of Chile. Additionally, ruminal gas hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentrations were obtained from 5 animals on each farm. Samples were collected during the spring 2008 and summer 2009. Pasture sulphur content was 1,482 ± 592 ppm in the spring and 1,471 ± 448 ppm in the summer. Water sulphur concentrations in all farms was < 1.5 ppm each season. Ruminal gas H2S concentrations in animals was 273 ± 187.5 ppm and 245.4 ± 173 ppm in spring and summer, respectively. Positive and significant correlations were found between pasture sulphur content and ruminal H2S concentration for both periods. Estimated total sulphur intake considering pastures and water was < 0.2% sulfur on a dry matter basis. The results of this study suggest that forage and water sulphur concentrations in Southern Chile do not represent a potential risk of intoxication in grazing beef cattle.

El azufre es un macroelemento esencial en rumiantes. Niveles elevados de azufre y sulfatos consumidos por rumiantes a través de las plantas, agua y otros alimentos pueden reducir el apetito y la tasa de crecimiento en los animales, afectar la absorción de otros elementos y causar afecciones respiratorias y/o neurológicas. El propósito de este estudio fue medir los niveles de azufre en la dieta, analizando las praderas (3 muestras por predio) y el agua (1 muestra por predio) en 45 predios dedicados a la producción de carne, de las regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos de Chile durante los períodos de primavera 2008 y verano 2009. Adicionalmente, se obtuvieron muestras de gas ruminal de 5 animales por predio, muestreándose un total de 225 animales por período. Posteriormente, se analizaron las diferencias en las concentraciones de azufre en agua y pradera y H2S en gas ruminal de los predios provenientes de las zonas de la costa, depresión intermedia y precordillera. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las concentraciones promedios de azufre en la pradera fueron de 1.482 ± 592 ppm y de 1.472,1 ± 448 ppm en el periodo primavera y verano respectivamente, no evidenciándose diferencias significativas. La concentración de azufre en agua fue de 1,12 ± 0,1 y 1,14 ± 0,09 ppm durante el período de primavera y de verano, respectivamente. Los resultados de los análisis por región y zona geográfica (costa, depresión intermedia y precordillera) no mostraron diferencias significativas. La concentración de H2S en gas ruminal en los animales en estudio fueron de 273,1 ± 187,5 y de 245,4 ± 180 ppm en primavera y en verano, respectivamente. El análisis de correlación entre variables indicó una asociación positiva entre los niveles de azufre en alimento y H2S en gas ruminal para el período de primavera y verano. El consumo promedio total de azufre estimado considerando las fuentes de pradera y agua en 45 predios durante ambos períodos fue < 0,2% de azufre en la dieta. En conclusión, los resultados indican que las concentraciones de azufre encontradas en los predios ganaderos de las regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos de Chile no representan riesgo para el consumo en bovinos. | Sulphur is an essential element for the metabolism of ruminant animals. However, high dietary concentrations of sulphur are potentially harmful. The purpose of this study was to measure the forage and water sulphur content in samples from 45 beef herds from the La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos regions of Chile. Additionally, ruminal gas hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentrations were obtained from 5 animals on each farm. Samples were collected during the spring 2008 and summer 2009. Pasture sulphur content was 1,482 ± 592 ppm in the spring and 1,471 ± 448 ppm in the summer. Water sulphur concentrations in all farms was < 1.5 ppm each season. Ruminal gas H2S concentrations in animals was 273 ± 187.5 ppm and 245.4 ± 173 ppm in spring and summer, respectively. Positive and significant correlations were found between pasture sulphur content and ruminal H2S concentration for both periods. Estimated total sulphur intake considering pastures and water was < 0.2% sulfur on a dry matter basis. The results of this study suggest that forage and water sulphur concentrations in Southern Chile do not represent a potential risk of intoxication in grazing beef cattle.