It was studied the distribution patterns of the native European white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) and the introduced signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), and looked at the water chemistry in several streams in the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Cantabrian watershed). Fifty fluvial reaches which were currently or previously inhabited by crayfish and had physical attributes similar to the known habitat requirements of crayfish were sampled. P. leniusculus was the most common species encountered (54 percent of the samples), A. pallipes was found in 19 percent and neither species was recorded in the remaining reaches. In this paper it was determined the relationship between crayfish presence and water chemistry. As neither species inhabits waters with the highest NO2- concentrations found, it seems both species are sensitive to NO2-. Mg+2 and S04-2 concentrations are the factors separating sites with and without crayfish (crayfish inhabit water with higher concentrations of both cations). The main differences between reaches inhabited by native and signal crayfish lies in SO4-2 concentration: higher concentrations favour signal crayfish. Applications to management based on the river water chemistry are proposed

This study shows the most important chemical characteristics of throughfall and stemflow in three species of Mediterranean holm-oak forest (Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo y Phillyrea media), as well as their relationship with rainfall water chemistry and dry deposition. At the same time, it compares 3 models to evaluate the importance and amount of wet and dry deposition, as well as of leaching, in nutrients present in throughfall and stemflow.

Crystalline aquifers of semi-arid southern India represent a vital water resource for farming communities. A field study is described that characterizes the hydrodynamic functioning of intensively exploited crystalline aquifers at local scale based on detailed well monitoring during one hydrological year. The main results show large water-table fluctuations caused by monsoon recharge and pumping, high spatial variability in well discharges, and a decrease of well yields as the water table decreases. Groundwater chemistry is also spatially variable with the existence of aquifer compartments within which mixing occurs. The observed variability and compartmentalization is explained by geological heterogeneities which play a major role in controlling groundwater flow and connectivity in the aquifer. The position of the water table within the fracture network will determine the degree of connectivity between aquifer compartments and well discharge. The presented aquifer conceptual model suggests several consequences: (1) over-exploitation leads to a drop in well discharge, (2) intensive pumping may contribute to the hydraulic containment of contaminants, (3) groundwater quality is highly variable even at local scale, (4) geological discontinuities may be used to assist in the location of drinking-supply wells, (5) modeling should integrate threshold effects due to water-table fluctuations.

Saltwater intrusion is generally related to seawater-level rise or induced intrusion due to excessive groundwater extraction in coastal aquifers. However, the hydrogeological heterogeneity of the subsurface plays an important role in (non-)intrusion as well. Local hydrogeological conditions for recharge and saltwater intrusion are studied in a coastal groundwater system in Vietnam where geological formations exhibit highly heterogeneous lithologies. A three-dimensional (3D) hydrostratigraphical solid model of the study area is constructed by way of a recursive classification procedure. The procedure includes a cluster analysis which uses as parameters geological formation, lithological composition, distribution depth and thickness of each lithologically distinctive drilling interval of 47 boreholes, to distinguish and map well-log intervals of similar lithological properties in different geological formations. A 3D hydrostratigraphical fence diagram is then generated from the constructed solid model and is used as a tool to evaluate recharge paths and saltwater intrusion to the groundwater system. Groundwater level and chemistry, and geophysical direct current (DC) resistivity measurements, are used to support the hydrostratigraphical model. Results of this research contribute to the explanation of why the aquifer system of the study area is almost uninfluenced by saltwater intrusion, which is otherwise relatively common in coastal aquifers of Vietnam.

Groundwater recharge and evolution in the Shule River basin, Northwest China, was investigated by a combination of hydrogeochemical tracers, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon methods. Results showed the general chemistry of the groundwater is of SO₄ ²⁻ type. Water–rock reactions of halite, Glauber’s salt, gypsum and celestite, and reverse ionic exchange dictated the groundwater chemistry evolution, increasing concentrations of Cl⁻, Na⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺ in the groundwater. The δ¹⁸O and δ²H values of groundwater ranged from −10.8 to −7.7 and −74.4 to −53.1 ‰, respectively. Modern groundwater was identified in the proluvial fan and the shallow aquifer of the fine soil plain, likely as a result of direct infiltration of rivers and irrigation returns. Deep groundwater was depleted in heavy isotopes with ¹⁴C ages ranging from 3,000 to 26,000 years, suggesting palaeowater that was recharged during the late Pleistocene and middle Holocene epochs under a cold climate. These results have important implications for groundwater management in the Shule River basin, since large amounts of groundwater are effectively being mined and a water-use strategy is urgently needed.