Gift

Trabalho de conclusão de curso (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Curso de Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária, RS, 2023. | The attempt in favor of water sustainability has been constantly addressed, in order to minimize the conscious anthropic effects of waste and scarcity. Among several alternatives, the reuse of water is an intelligent path, which in most cases can be adopted in homes and the like. In the past, its poor management may result in a risk to human health, when guidance is not presented to practitioners. With this, the present work aims to present, through contemporary authors, recurring guidelines for the validation of this practice, since, even today, there is no effective regulation at the federal level for the development and implementation of water reuse. The discussion presents applicable categories and maximum establishments of standards for the quality of water reused at the federal and sub-federal levels, however, it is noted that the vast majority systemically guides only water resources, existing a lack in the elaboration of normative exercises that determine the reuse. When presented, it was analyzed that almost always, the values for the quality standard of reuse water are prominent considering the current socioeconomic scenario, which results in the hesitation of the trivial population, both due to lack of technical understanding and the cost factor resulting. | A tentativa em favor da sustentabilidade da água vem sendo abordada constantemente, a fim de minimizar os efeitos antrópicos conscientes de desperdício e escassez. Dentre diversas alternativas, o reuso da água se faz um caminho inteligente, que na maioria das vezes pode ser adotada em residências e afins. Outrora, o seu mau gerenciamento pode vir a resultar risco para a saúde humana, quando não apresentado norteio aos praticantes. Com isso, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar por meio de autores da contemporaneidade norteadores recorrentes a validação desta prática, visto que, ainda nos dias de hoje não se tenha uma normatização efetiva a nível federativo para o desenvolvimento e implemento do reuso da água. A discussão apresenta categorias aplicáveis e estabelecimentos máximos de padrões para a qualidade da água reutilizada em esfera federal e sub federal, contudo, nota-se que sua grande maioria orienta de forma sistêmica apenas os recursos hídricos, existindo uma carência na elaboração de exercícios normativos determinantes a reutilização. Quando apresentado, analisou-se que quase sempre, os valores para o padrão de qualidade da água de reuso são proeminentes considerando o atual cenário socioeconômico, o que resulta na hesitação da população trivial, tanto por falta de entendimento técnico, quando pelo fator do custo resultante.

The current research was developed in Bahia of Jaramijó in the Province of Manabí during 2008, as part of the major project: " Characterization of the Ecuadorian Coast" that has been developing by INOCAR, in order to contribute to the proper use of resources and the environment. It characterized and assesses the results obtained in the research of the quality of water of Bahía of Jaramijó, taking into consideration the averages and their behaviour in each level studied in two different season in the year (wet-dry) and in two tide condition (ebb and flow) of the different parameter physical, chemical and microbiological. During the research was established that coastal marine waters of Bahía of Jaramijó, not show pollution of organic origin neither significant risk to the ecosystem as their chemical characteristics and microbiological showed good oxygenation that is related directly with low concentration of DBO5, acceptable ranks of pH, nearly nitrite absence, relatively low values of phosphate and nitrate except for silicate that showed the highest concentration in dry period which was probably related wit the abundance of cellular biomass specifically of the Coscinodiscus excentricus species. Bacterial load (total coliform and faecal) not reported microorganism pathogen contamination problems, except for a very specific site where was registered concentration above the permissible level, established in the Ecuadorian Environmental Legislation. Despite it evidence the presence of dissolved and dispersed hydrocarbon from petroleum (HDD) in dry period during the flow, such concentrations are below the permissible level established in UNESCO standard 1976, causing no pollution problems of this kind of pollutant. | La presente investigación se desarrolló en la Bahía de Jaramijó de la Provincia de Manabí durante el año 2008, como parte del macro proyecto "Caracterización de la Costa Ecuatoriana" que viene desarrollando el INOCAR, con la finalidad de contribuir en el uso adecuado de los recursos y el medio ambiente. Se caracteriza y evalúa los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de calidad de agua de la Bahía de Jaramijó, tomando en consideración los promedios y su comportamiento en cada nivel estudiado en las dos épocas del año (húmeda - seca) y en los dos estados de marea (flujo - reflujo) de los diferentes parámetros físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Durante el estudio se estableció que, las aguas marino costera de la Bahía de Jaramijó, no presentan contaminación de origen orgánica ni peligro significativo al ecosistema ya que sus características químicas y microbiológicas mostraron buena oxygenación lo que está relacionado directamente con las bajas concentraciones de DBO5, rangos aceptables del pH, casi ausencia de nitrito, valores relativamente bajos de fosfato y nitrato a excepción del silicato que mostró las mayores concentraciones en la época seca lo que probablemente estuvo relacionado con la abundancia de la biomasa celular específicamente de las especies Coscinodiscus excentricus. La carga bacteriana (Coliformes totales y fecales) no reportó problemas de contaminación por microorganismos patógenos, a excepción de un sitio muy puntual donde se registraron concentraciones superiores al nivel permisible establecido en la Legislación Ambiental Ecuatoriana. A pesar de que se evidencia la presencia de Hidrocarburos Disueltos y Dispersos del Petróleo (HDD) en la época seca durante el flujo, tales concentraciones se encuentran muy por debajo del nivel permisible establecido en la norma UNESCO 1976, no ocasionando problemas de contaminación de este tipo de contaminante. | Published

Andagoya es un municipio ubicado en el centro oeste del país, dentro del departamento de Chocó, es un territorio históricamente afectado por la explotación minera, la cual ha generado impactos negativos sobre los recursos naturales, la calidad de vida de la población, y las actividades económicas de la zona. Este escenario ligado a la inadecuada gestión y articulación institucional, limita el desarrollo de estudios en la zona, evidenciado en la inexistencia de sistemas de alcantarillado y acueducto. Estos factores han desencadenado retraso en la plena garantía de derechos fundamentales como el acceso suficiente, salubre, aceptable y accesible al agua por parte de la comunidad, situación que obliga a la población a emplear fuentes de abastecimiento de agua no apta para el consumo humano, lo cual potencializa la aparición factores de riesgos biológicos a la salud pública. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo determinar las estrategias ambientales aplicables a las principales fuentes de consumo de agua que posee la población localizada en el municipio de Andagoya, departamento del Chocó, Colombia, direccionadas al mejoramiento de la calidad del recurso hídrico. A partir de la estimación de variables microbiológicas y fisicoquímicas en 10 puntos de muestreo establecidos junto con la percepción que tiene dicha población acerca de este tipo de fuentes de abastecimiento. Para abordar lo anterior, se realiza una investigación de tipo mixto con alcance descriptivo, en primer lugar se realiza un análisis microbiológico mediante la técnica Número Más Probable y recuento en placa de las diferentes fuentes de consumo de agua, cuyos resultados son contrastados con las exigencias de la normatividad legal vigente. Análogamente, se determina la presencia-ausencia de metales pesados en el río Condoto con la metodología de espectroscopía de absorción atómica. Además, como parte del reconocimiento del terreno se indaga sobre la percepción de la población de Andagoya respecto a las condiciones de salubridad del agua consumida por los habitantes mediante herramientas de recolección de información. De modo general, como resultados, se obtiene que en las estimaciones microbiológicas 7 de las 10 muestras analizadas se encuentran contaminadas por coliformes totales y Escherichia coli; las pruebas físicoquímicas confirman la presencia de metales pesados en el río Condoto. Por otro lado, se identifica que la mayoría de los encuestados considera que el agua que consumen es de calidad, sin embargo han presentado afectaciones en la salud y calidad de vida. Finalmente, las estrategias de manejo a la problemática incluyen la formulación de un sistema de manejo ambiental constituido por tres componentes, el primero de ellos la incorporación de técnicas no convencionales, el segundo la apropiación de recursos hídricos mediante pedagogía social y el tercero el fortalecimiento de la gobernanza y gestión comunitaria. | Andagoya is a municipality located in the central west of the country, within the department of Chocó, it is a territory historically affected by mining exploitation, which has generated negative impacts on natural resources, the quality of life of the population, and economic activities of the area. This scenario, linked to inadequate institutional management and articulation, limits the development of studies in the area, evidenced by the lack of sewage and aqueduct systems. These factors have triggered a delay in the full guarantee of fundamental rights such as sufficient, healthy, acceptable and accessible access to water by the community, a situation that forces the population to use sources of water supply that are not suitable for human consumption, which potentiates the appearance of biological risk factors to public health. The objective of this research is to determine the environmental strategies applicable to the main sources of water consumption owned by the population are located in the municipality of Andagoya, department of Chocó, Colombia, aimed at improving the quality of water resources. From the estimation of microbiological and physicochemical variables in 10 established sampling points together with the perception that said population has about this type of supply sources. To address the above, a mixed-type investigation with a descriptive scope is carried out, in the first place a microbiological analysis is carried out using the Most Probable Number technique and plate count of the different sources of water consumption, whose results are contrasted with the requirements of the current legal regulations. Similarly, the presence-absence of heavy metals in the Condoto River is determined using the atomic absorption spectroscopy methodology. In addition, as part of the reconnaissance of the land, the perception of the population of Andagoya regarding the health conditions of the water consumed by the inhabitants is investigated through information collection tools. In general, as results, it is obtained that in the microbiological estimates seven of the 10 samples analyzed are contaminated by total coliforms and Escherichia coli; physical chemical tests confirm the presence of heavy metals in the Condoto River. On the other hand, it is identified that the majority of those surveyed consider that the water they consume is of quality; however, they have presented effects on health and quality of life. Finally, the management strategies for the problem include the formulation of an environmental management system made up of three components, the first of which is the incorporation of unconventional techniques, the second is the appropriation of water resources through social pedagogy, and the third is the strengthening of governance and community management.