Microbiological Examination Methods of Food and Water (2nd edition) is an illustrated laboratory manual that provides an overview of current standard microbiological culture methods for the examination of food and water, adhered to by renowned international organizations, such as ISO, AOAC, APHA, FDA and FSIS/USDA. It includes methods for the enumeration of indicator microorganisms of general contamination, indicators of hygiene and sanitary conditions, sporeforming, spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria. Every chapter begins with a comprehensive, in-depth and updated bibliographic reference on the microorganism(s) dealt with in that particular section of the book. The latest facts on the taxonomic position of each group, genus or species are given, as well as clear guidelines on how to deal with changes in nomenclature on the internet. All chapters provide schematic comparisons between the methods presented, highlighting the main differences and similarities. This allows the user to choose the method that best meets his/her needs. Moreover, each chapter lists validated alternative quick methods, which, though not described in the book, may and can be used for the analysis of the microorganism(s) dealt with in that particular chapter. The didactic setup and the visualization of procedures in step-by-step schemes allow the user to quickly perceive and execute the procedure intended. Support material such as drawings, procedure schemes and laboratory sheets are available for downloading and customization. This compendium will serve as an up-to-date practical companion for laboratory professionals, technicians and research scientists, instructors, teachers and food and water analysts. Alimentary engineering, chemistry, biotechnology and biology (under)graduate students specializing in food sciences will also find the book beneficial. It is furthermore suited for use as a practical/laboratory manual for graduate courses in Food Engineering and Food Microbiology.

Como parte del proyecto de implementación de la dieta macrobiótica en Cuba se valoró la situación de una arcilla italiana, empleada para enriquecer al agua potable con sales minerales, por una cubana similar (bentonita natural de Managua tipo 1). La caracterización minerológica, química y granulométrica de ambas arcillas fue similar. Se estudió el efecto de tres concentraciones de arcilla cubana en agua potable (0,1; 0,5 y 1 %) después de 24 h. Este tratamiento incrementó significativamente las concentraciones de sodio, magnesio y hierro y disminuyó las de calcio, cinc y cobre en el agua; todos los elementos cumplieron con las normas vigentes de agua potable. | The substitution of an Italian clay, used to enrich the supply water with mineral salts, by a similar one from Cuban origin (natural bentonite of Managua type 1) was considered, as part of a project for the implementation of the macrobiotic diet in Cuba. The mineralogical, chemical and granulometric characteristics of both clays were similar. The effect of three concentrations of Cuban clay in drinking water (0.1; 0.5 and 1%) on physical-chemical characteristics of the water after 24 h of interchange was studied. The water treated achieved the physical-chemical characteristics established in the Cuban standards for consumption water. The effect of 1% of this clay on concentration of 16 elements that could be present in the water after 24 h was studied. This treatment increased the concentrations of sodium, magnesium and iron significantly and diminished those of calcium, zinc and copper in the water all the elements achieved the established standars. | Unpublished | foods enrichment | minerals enrichment

Resumen Objetivos: Caracterizar el territorio del Valle Central Antinaco-Los Colorados en función del nexo agua energía y alimentos; problematizar el nexo al vincular la evolución del recurso hídrico subterráneo y el consumo de energía para riego agrícola; e identificar actores para conformar un Consejo Político y Técnico. Metodología: La caracterización territorial se elaboró a partir del análisis de información secundaria considerando los tres pilares del nexo y su problematización se efectuó a partir de articular la piezométrica; la pérdida de reservas y los datos de consumo de energía eléctrica para riego; la identificación de actores se realizó bajo técnica participativa de sociograma. Resultados: Los niveles piezométricos descienden anualmente con una pérdida constante de reservas de agua subterránea, por lo tanto, la energía para riego se incrementa. Esta situación da cuenta de la (in)sustentabilidad del sistema en el sentido fuerte del término. El análisis de actores evidencia la posibilidad de conformar un Consejo Técnico y Político para el desarrollo prospectivo del valle desde el enfoque del nexo. Limitaciones: Analizar la escasez económica del agua, plantear escenarios tendenciales y profundizar el entendimiento de las racionalidades de grupos de productores para comprender las lógicas en el uso de recursos. Conclusiones: Los actuales usos y modos de gestión de los recursos demandan de cambios en torno a los límites físicos de los recursos naturales. | Abstract Aims: Characterize the territory of the Antinaco-Los Colorados Central Valley based on the water-energy-food nexus; problematize the nexus by linking the evolution of groundwater resources and energy consumption for irrigation; and identify actors to conform a Political and Technical Council. Methodology: The territorial characterization was developed from the analysis of secondary information considering the three pillars of the nexus and its problematization was carried out by articulating the piezometric; the loss of reserves and electricity consumption data for irrigation; The identification of actors was carried out using a participatory sociogram technique. Results: Piezometric levels decrease annually with a depletion of groundwater reserves, therefore, energy for irrigation increases. This situation accounts for the (un)sustainability of the system in the strong term. The analysis of actors shows the possibility of forming a Technical and Political Council for the prospective development of the valley from the nexus approach. Limitations: Analyse the economic scarcity of water, propose trend scenarios and deepen the understanding of the rationalities of groups of producers to know the logic in the use of resources. Conclusions: The current uses and modes of resource management demand changes around the physical limits of natural resources.

Usando la técnica de espectrometría gamma y protocolos estandarizados, a nivel latinoamericano, se midió la actividad específica en Bq kg-1 de productos alimentarios y agua, ambos productos fueron adquiridos directamente en los supermercados. Los descendientes de uranio y torio, así como isótopos antropogénicos, no fueron encontrados. K 40 es el único isótopo natural presente en los productos.

Usando la técnica de espectrometría gamma y protocolos estandarizados, a nivel latinoamericano, se midió la actividad específica en Bq kg-1 de productos alimentarios y agua, ambos productos fueron adquiridos directamente en los supermercados. Los descendientes de uranio y torio, así como isótopos antropogénicos, no fueron encontrados. K 40 es el único isótopo natural presente en los productos.

Se evalúa la substitución del maíz por ensilado de granos de maíz en dietas para camarones de agua dulce Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Se utilizaron 640 postlarvas de camarones (0,12 ± 0,04 g; 24,65 ± 2,53 mm), que fueron distribuidas aleatoriamente en cuatro tratamientos y cuatro réplicas. En cada unidad experimental constituida por una jaula de 130 L de capacidad, se introdujeron 40 postlarvas. Se utilizó una dieta referencia con 37,7% de proteína bruta, y 4.343 Kcal de energía bruta·kg-1. El ensilado de maíz sustituyó el maíz de la dieta de referencia en concentraciones de 0, 8, 16 y 24%. No se observaron los efectos de los tratamientos sobre las variables del consumo de ración, factor de conversión de la dieta, eficiencia proteica y supervivencia. La ganancia de peso y la biomasa final crecieron linealmente con respecto a la inclusión de ensilado de maíz en las dietas y se ajustaron a un modelo de regresión lineal. Se concluyó que el maíz puede ser totalmente sustituido por ensilado de maíz en las dietas para postlarvas de camarones de agua dulce M. rosenbergii, que tienen hasta un 24% de ese ingrediente | The present work evaluates the substitution of corn silage for corn in the diets of the freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The 640 postlarvae (0.12 ± 0.04 g; 24.65 ± 2.53 mm) used in this study were distributed randomly in four treatments and four replicates. Each experimental unit consisted of a cage (130 L volume) and 40 postlarvae. The reference diet was 37.7% gross protein and 4.343 Kcal brute energy·kg-1. Concentrations of 0, 8, 16, and 24% corn silage substituted the corn used in the reference diet. The treatments were not observed to affect the following variables: feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency, and survival. Weight gain and final biomass grew lineally with regard to the inclusion of corn silage in the diets; both were fit to a lineal regression model. In conclusion, corn silage (up to 24%) can completely substitute corn in the diets of the post-larval freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii

O entendimento de que o modelo convencional de produção de alimentos é insustentável tem fortalecido e consolidado a agroecologia enquanto ciência e base para construção de novos modelos de agricultura, de forma a garantir a produção de alimentos saudáveis e a segurança alimentar e nutricional das populações. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as práticas que se mostram adequadas a transição da agricultura convencional para modelos de agricultura baseados na Agroecologia no Projeto de Assentamento Jaraguá, em Água Boa, Mato Grosso, realizando também um recorte baseado em outras pesquisas nesta temática, de modo a compreender os reflexos destas na saúde e no meio ambiente. Como estratégia metodológica trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica do tipo revisão de escopo. A busca ocorreu em duas bases de dados e uma biblioteca eletrônica, com o cruzamento dos descritores: Assentamento AND Agroecologia. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos em inglês, português e espanhol, com texto disponível na íntegra e publicados entre os anos de 2012-2022, que retratam as tecnologias agrícolas sustentáveis que se mostram adequadas ao modelo de transição da agricultura convencional para agroecologia. Não foram incluídos documentos que não respondessem ao objetivo deste estudo. Os dados foram organizados e descritos de forma narrativa e por meio de quadros. Como resultados, observou-se pela pesquisa a utilização de práticas sustentáveis em assentamentos, tais como: Cromatografia Circular de Pfeiffer, biomassa vegetal, policultivos, rotação e a consorciação de culturas, cultivos utilizando sementes crioulas, produção de compostagem, integração animal-vegetal através do uso de resíduos animais nos plantios, armazenamento de sementes, não desmatamento e queimadas, não uso de agrotóxicos, adubação verde, produção de mudas, diversificação de produção, participação de mulheres e circuito de comercialização, quintais produtivos e uso de biofertilizantes, e inovações de cuidados com uso de homeopatia e fitoterapia em animais. Conclui-se que as práticas utilizadas se mostram adequadas ao modelo de transição de sistemas de produção convencional para agroecológicos, com redução significativa dos impactos sobre o meio ambiente e saúde humana. | The understanding that the conventional model of food production is unsustainable has strengthened and consolidated agroecology as a science and basis for the construction of new models of agriculture, in order to guarantee the production of healthy foods and the food and nutritional security of the populations. populations. In this context, this research aims to analyze the appropriate practices for the transition from conventional agriculture to models of agriculture based on Agroecology in the Jaraguá Settlement Project, in Água Boa, Mato Grosso, also making a cut based on other research on this topic , in order to understand their effects on health and the environment. As a methodological strategy, this is a bibliographic research of the scope review type. The search took place in two databases and an electronic library, crossing the descriptors: Settlement AND Agroecology. Inclusion criteria were: studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish, with full text available and published between the years 2012-2022, that portray sustainable agricultural technologies suitable for the transition model from conventional agriculture to agroecology. Documents that did not respond to the purpose of this study were not included. Data were organized and described in a narrative form and through tables. As a result, the research observed the use of sustainable practices in the settlements, such as: Pfeiffer Circular Chromatography, plant biomass, polycultures, crop rotation and intercropping, cultivation with native seeds, compost production, animal-plant integration through the use of animal waste in plantations, seed storage, no deforestation and burning, no use of pesticides, green manure, seedling production, diversification of production, participation of women and the marketing circuit, productive backyards and use of biofertilizers, and innovations in the care with the use of homeopathy and phytotherapy in animals. It is concluded that the practices used are suitable for the model of transition from conventional to agroecological production systems, with a significant reduction in impacts on the environment and human health.

Corn is the second most abundant cereal crop in the world. It generates a large amount of agricultural residues (mainly stalks and leaves) which are commonly dumped in landfills, openly burned or used as fuelwood in boilers or ovens. This meant that, in 2010, 21 % of greenhouse gas emissions were due to the disposal of agricultural waste. In Spain, 819,553.8 tonnes of vegetal waste from agriculture, livestock, fisheries and forestry were produced in 2020. In addition, a total of 5.347 million tonnes of vegetal waste were produced in Castilla y León. The integration of agricultural waste as a raw material for other industrial processes is the essential basis of the circular economy concept to reach the zero waste target. In this sense, the use of corn waste as lignocellulosic biomass can be a cost-effective and sustainable alternative. Lignocellulosic biomass contains three main components based on their mass contributions: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The high hemicellulose content shown in the chemical composition of corn agricultural waste from stalks and leaves (26-21 % hemicellulose) means that they can be considered as a renewable raw material with high potential for furfural production. Furfural is an aromatic aldehyde with a wide range of industrial applications due to its high solvent capacity, its efficacy as a fungicidal agent (even at low concentrations) and as a raw material in the production of succinic acid, furoic acid, piperidine and 2-methylfuran. Furfural is obtained on a large scale from a sulphuric acid hydrolysis process using as feedstock lignocellulosic biomass from sugar cane bagasse or corncob, followed by a purification process by distillation/rectification. The hemicellulose hydrolysis with subcritical water treatment and the adsorption as a purification step can be proposed as ecofriendly alternative technologies with potential to improve the furfural process performance. In this work, the recovery of furfural from subcritical water hydrolysates by an adsorption process was studied. The effect of the adsorbent type, temperature, desorption agent and the presence of impurities on the furfural adsorption has been examined. The most efficient adsorption agent for furfural recovery was the hydrophobic resin amberlite XAD-4, with a recovery factor close to 93 % when 16 % p/v of resin was used. The adsorption isotherms were determined at different working temperature and 25 ºC was selected. 2 % p/v of the XAD-4 resin and a desorption aqueous solution with 0,2 M of NaCl were required for recovery 78 % of the initial furfural of the subcritical water hydrolysate. | El trabajo presentado en esta memoria de TFG ha sido desarrollado en el seno del Grupo de Investigación Biotecnología Industrial y Medioambiental, reconocido por la UBU (GIR-UBU BIOIND) y por la Junta de Castilla y León como Unidad de Investigación Consolidada UIC-128, en el marco de los siguientes proyectos de investigación: TED2021-129311B-I00 - Tecnologías verdes basadas en el empleo de fluidos presurizados para valorizar biomasa lignocelulósica mediante la producción de furfural, financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. PDC2022-133443-I00 - Diseño de un prototipo para la extracción de bioproductos con agua subcrítica, financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. PID2020-116716RJ-I00 - Tecnologías de fluidos presurizados para la valorización de subproductos de la industria agroalimentaria: recuperación de pectina y otros compuestos bioactivos de alto valor, financiado por la Agencia Estatal de Investigación. BU050P20 - Valorización de la fracción proteica de subproductos de la industria agroalimentaria de Castilla y León mediante tecnologías de fluidos presurizados, financiado por la Junta de Castilla y León y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). PID2019-104950RB-I00 - Valorización de subproductos marinos mediante tecnologías de fluidos sub- y supercríticos para la obtención de biocompuestos valiosos, financiado por la Agencia Estatal de Investigación.

La presente tesis evaluó el crecimiento potencial de Clostridium botulinum en agua de coco verde y caracterizó múltiples cepas de patógenos vegetativos (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes y Salmonella enterica) en base a su fenotipo de resistencia a las altas presiones. Esto permitió seleccionar cepas representativas que posteriormente se emplearon en la validación de un proceso HPP industrial. Los resultados sugieren que C. botulinum no debe ser considerado el patógeno pertinente en agua de coco verde dada su baja probabilidad de crecimiento y formación de toxina, incluso en condiciones de abuso. Del mismo modo se demostró que procesar agua de coco verde a 600 MPa durante 3 min y 10 °C causó reducciones superiores a los 5 log10 ufc/ml en los patógenos vegetativos estudiados inmediatamente después del procesado. No obstante, los parámetros deben ser optimizamos para garantizar que esta reducción sea sostenida durante el periodo de almacenamiento para garantizar la seguridad del agua de coco a lo largo de su vida útil.

Mestrado em Agronomia Tropical e Desenvolvimento Sustentável - Instituto Superior de Agronomia