This publication provides guidance to water-sector decision makers and planners on how to deal with the quality dimension of groundwater resources management in the World Bank's client countries. There is growing evidence of increasing pollution threats to groundwater and some well-documented cases of irreversible damage to important aquifers. This guide has been produced in the belief that groundwater pollution hazard assessment must become an essential part of environmental best practice for water supply utilities. The guide is particularly relevant for the World Bank's Latin American and Caribbean Region, where many countries have initiated major changes to modernize their institutional and legal framework for water resources management, but may not yet have considered groundwater at the same level as surface water, because of lack of awareness and knowledge of groundwater issues and policy options.

En este estudio se ha caracterizado la respuesta viscoelástica lineal, en cizalla oscilatoria, de la fase líquido-cristalina laminar de sistemas alcohol polietoxilado/heptano/agua, estableciendo las influencias de los distintos componentes en la evolución de las funciones viscoelásticas dinámicas. De los resultados obtenidos puede concluirse que la fase líquido/cristalina laminar se caracteriza por presentar un pequeño intervalo viscoelástico lineal; su espectro de relajación muestra, fundamentalmente, dos regiones, la región de transición y la región plateau, siendo esta última característica de sistemas altamente estructurados; el módulo plateau presenta valores máximos para sistemas con concentraciones intermedias de tensioactivo y heptano dentro del intervalo de existencia de la fase laminar.

The objective of research was to evaluate a system of three filters in series, using shells of Ricinus communis and charcoal. Each filter was constructed with PVC plastic tubes and the granular filter packs, two of husk and one of charcoal, were placed to filter the descending water by gravity. Water contaminated with 5 and 10% Diesel was used and samples were taken at the each filter exit of to measure the TSS and Oil and Greases variables, using of ASTM D5907 and EPA Method 1664 A standards. The tests were done in triplicate, with a factorial ANOVA design and Fisher’s LSD test with significance α = 0.05. The filtering system was efficient to reduce the parameters to values allowed by the Peruvian environmental norms, being more efficient for AyG. The efficiencies showed significant differences by filtration stages, but were equal for % Diesel. | El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar un sistema de tres filtros en serie, usando cascarillas de Ricinus communis y carbón vegetal. Se construyó cada filtro con tubos de plástico PVC y se colocaron los paquetes filtrantes granulares, dos de cascarilla y uno de carbón vegetal, para filtrar el agua de manera descendente por gravedad. Se utilizó agua contaminada con 5 y 10% Diésel y se tomaron muestras a la salida de cada uno para medir las variables SST y AyG, mediante las normas ASTM D5907 y EPA Method 1664 A. Los ensayos se hicieron por triplicado, con un diseño factorial con prueba ANAVA y DMS de Fisher con significancia α = 0.05. El sistema filtrante fue eficiente para disminuir los parámetros a valores permitidos por las normas ambientales peruanas, siendo más eficiente para AyG. Las eficiencias mostraron diferencias significativas por Etapas de filtración, pero fueron iguales en función al % Diésel.

Variations in the sedimentary organic matter were documented throughout the Agua de la Mula Member (late Hauterivian) of the Agrio Formation, at a combined section in the type area of the Agrio Formation; the base at Agrio del Medio and the middle to top at Bajada del Agrio. A main organic-rich interval was identified in the basal Agua de la Mula Member, dominated by marine-derived Amorphous Organic Matter (AOM), coinciding with the highest Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content, between 1.4 and 3.8 wt.%, suggesting dysoxic conditions. The rest of the Member is predominantly characterized by terrestrially-derived organic matter, mainly phytoclasts, with low TOC values, around 1% or lower, indicating predominantly oxic depositional settings. By integrating stacking pattern and shell beds analysis, four depositional sequences SQ1–SQ4 were recognized. The organic-rich, finely laminated bituminous black shales of the Spitidiscus riccardii zone constitute a mayor and rapid inundation defining a Transgressive System tract (TST), related to a third order asymmetrical mesosequence dominated by a thick High System Tract (HST). It represents the most widespread and important flooding episode within the Neuquén Basin during the late Hauterivian. Inside sequences of higher frequency (SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4) of probably fourth order were recognized and analysed including several ammonids zones (Spitidiscus riccardii, Crioceratites schlagintweiti, C. diamantensis and Paraspiticeras groeberi). With the exception of the oxygen-controlled, basinal and outer ramp settings indicated for the TST1, which is equivalent to the TST of a lower order sequence, and the lower TST2, respectively, the prevalence of well oxygenated, inner to middle ramp depositional environments, is suggested for the rest of the sedimentary succession and emphasized in HST of SQ2, SQ3 and SQ4. Thus, a shallowing-upward trend with improved oxygenation is recorded through the Agua de la Mula Member, reflected by decreasing TOC, AOM content and preservation state of the organic matter. Based on the whole rock fluorescence analysis of the two selected organic-rich intervals from the Spitidiscus riccardii and the lowermost Crioceratites diamantensis zones, the presence of hydrocarbons suggests a very early in situ generation.

Con el fin de conocer el funcionamiento del producto OSE-II (Oill Spill Eater II) sobre los lodos impregnados con hidrocarburos, se realizó una prueba piloto en lodos impregnados con hidrocarburos provenientes del tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales (ARI) de una empresa petrolera ubicada en el municipio de Villagarzón, departamento del Putumayo. La prueba consistió en preparar un lecho de secado de seis compartimientos, los cuales fueron clasificados en dos secciones A y B. Cada una de las secciones contó con un sistema de tubería para aireación. Para lograr conocer el efecto del producto sobre los lodos, se tomaron muestras para análisis fisicoquímicos, cuyos resultados demostraron que algunos de los parámetros medidos por los laboratorios como las grasas y aceites, cloruros, DBO5 (Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno), DQO (Demanda Química de Oxígeno), fenoles, fosfatos, hidrocarburos aromáticos totales, hierro, nitrógeno, SST (Sólidos Suspendidos Totales), sulfatos, sulfuros y los TPH (Hidrocarburos Totales de Petróleo), estuvieron por fuera de los límites permisibles de las normas Louisiana 29B y la Resolución 0631 de 2015, después del tratamiento. Por lo tanto, la aplicación del producto OSE-II a los lodos impregnados con hidrocarburos no sería viable, haciendo necesario la implementación de un pre o post tratamiento que complemente la acción del producto para poder realizar una correcta disposición, puesto que los resultados evidenciaron la presencia de diferentes sustancias y compuestos dañinos para el ambiente y la salud humana que podrían representar sanciones para la empresa, en caso de disponerse estos residuos sin un tratamiento completo. Las características de los lodos dificultan el análisis fisicoquímico realizado por los laboratorios no especializados para este tipo de materiales, por lo que los resultados entregados tienen variaciones que podrían considerarse estrechamente relacionados a estas falencias de medición. La aplicación del producto OSE-II en el tratamiento de lodos impregnados con hidrocarburo, reduciría la inversión económica realizada por la empresa GTEC (Gran Tierra Energy Colombia) en el tratamiento y manejo de estos lodos, dado que el producto puede ser aplicado in situ evitando el traslado de los lodos impregnados con hidrocarburo hacia otros lugares, al igual que evita la contratación de otras empresas para el tratamiento y manejo de estos lodos | In order to know the operation of the OSE-II product (Oill Spill Eater II) on the muds impregnated with hydrocarbons, a pilot test was carried out on muds impregnated with hydrocarbons from the industrial wastewater treatment (ARI) of an oil company located in the municipality of Villagarzón, department of Putumayo. The test consisted of preparing a six-compartment drying bed, which was classified into two sections A and B. Each section had a piping system for aeration. To get to know the effect of the product on the sludge, samples were taken for physicochemical analysis, whose results showed that some of the parameters measured by the laboratories such as fats and oils, chlorides, BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Demand of Oxygen), phenols, phosphates, total aromatic hydrocarbons, iron, nitrogen, SST (Total Suspended Solids), sulfates, sulphides and TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons), were outside the permissible limits of Louisiana 29B standards and the Resolution 0631 of 2015, after treatment. Therefore, the application of the OSE-II product to the sludge impregnated with hydrocarbons would not be feasible, making it necessary to implement a pre or post treatment that complements the action of the product to be able to make a proper disposal, since the results evidenced the presence of different substances and compounds harmful to the environment and human health that could represent sanctions for the company, if these wastes are disposed of without complete treatment. The characteristics of the sludges make the physicochemical analysis performed by non-specialized laboratories for this type of materials difficult, so the results delivered have variations that could be considered closely related to these measurement failures. The application of the OSE-II product in the treatment of sludge impregnated with hydrocarbon, would reduce the economic investment made by the company GTEC (Gran Tierra Energy Colombia) in the treatment and management of these sludges, since the product can be applied on site avoiding the transfer of muds impregnated with hydrocarbon to other places, as well as avoiding the hiring of other companies for the treatment and management of these sludges | Pasantía institucional (Ingeniera Ambiental) -- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2019 | Pregrado | Ingeniero(a) Ambiental