This study examines how environmental issues have been addressed in the water sector in Brazil, within the context of activities of the Federal Government, generally, and those implemented under Bank sector operations, in particular. The core focus of the study lies in the management of water quality, as it affects both the users of raw water, and those who are primarily concerned with the disposal of wastewater. The report considers the following three sectoral areas concomitantly - water resources management, water supply and sanitation, and, the environment - thus limiting its review, and focus to those themes which are key to the over-arching issue of water quality. Water resources management in the country relied upon heavy investments in medium, and large scale projects that provided basic infrastructure for water uses. However, these have produced questionable impacts in terms of reducing poverty, and inequality. One of the reasons for this, has been the poor infrastructure management, which despite its importance, has been largely underestimated. While improvements in the utilization of existing infrastructure in the water sector remain critical, it needs to be complemented by incentives to both service providers, and water users. Moreover, low economic, environmental, and social returns from investments in the water sector, reflect the tendency to distract attention from the objectives in the design, and implementation of projects. Thus, an assessment of water quality goals is required, which should be based on systematic evaluations of the costs, and benefits of reaching alternative standards, and explicit social objectives.

El agua y la vida, el agua dulce, en la atmosfera, sólida, subterranea, los rios, lagos, los usos del agua, las cuencas fluviales, la polucion del agua.

Water transparency is one of the main indicators of seasonal changes from the water level in lacustrine systems, but other environmental spatial and temporal variables can act jointly on water transparency. The diagnosis of interactions among physical-chemical variables and water transparency can be made by fitting statistical models based on multiple regression analysis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the set of limnologic variables that best predict the seasonal variation in water transparency in lakes of the western Amazon. These data were collected in both the drought and flood seasons in 78 lakes of the Mamirauá Reserve for Sustainable Development (RDSM). The delineation of the sampling followed the choice of variables, the analysis of premises imposed by the linear regression model and the validation of the model. The variables that best fitted the model were: water level, bottom temperature, conductivity, and pH for both seasons analyzed (R2 = 0.64). The resulting model suggests that the physical-chemical variables influence the re-suspension process and sedimentation of particulate material together with the seasonal variation of the water level at the lake system of RDSM.<br><br>A transparência da água é um dos principais indicadores das flutuações sazonais do nível d’água em sistemas lacustres, porém outras variáveis ambientais espaço-temporais podem, conjuntamente, atuar sobre a transparência da água. O diagnóstico das interações entre variáveis físico-químicas e a transparência da água pode ser delineado pelo ajuste de modelos estatísticos fundamentados em análise de regressão múltipla. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o conjunto de variáveis limnológicas que melhor prediz a variação sazonal da transparência da água em lagos na Amazônia Ocidental. Os dados foram coletados durante os períodos de seca e cheia em 78 lagos da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (RDSM). O delineamento seguiu a escolha das variáveis, análise das premissas impostas pelo modelo de regressão linear e validação do modelo. As variáveis que melhor se ajustaram ao modelo foram: nível da água, temperatura de fundo, condutividade e pH para ambos os períodos de análise (R2 = 0,64). O modelo resultante sugere que o processo de ressuspensão e sedimentação do material particulado influenciam as variáveis físicas e químicas juntamente à variação sazonal no nível da água nos sistemas de lagos da RDSM.

Modelling tools are necessary for quantitative assessment of groundwater-dependent systems such as interacting groundwater aquifers and lakes. Numerical groundwater models supplemented by stream and lake submodels are the best available tools for testing the conceptual relation of surface water to groundwater, for identifying gaps in the amount and quality of data, and for better understanding the sustainability of a groundwater-lake system in the presence of stresses. Models are of particular interest when applied to an infrequently studied geological context that is subject to specific vulnerabilities and patterns of interaction. Volcanic lakes are one setting where flow models serve to extend current conceptual and practical understanding. In this study, a groundwater/surface-water flow model is presented for the flow-through Bracciano deep caldera lake located near Rome, Italy. The steady-state model quantifies and tests the existing conceptual understanding of the system by taking account of all sources and sinks, and by calibration of key parameters to head and flow data. A transient version of the model demonstrates the response of the system to dry and wet years and to anthropogenic stresses. Although precipitation is the dominant source of water overall for the lake, a major finding of this study is that the groundwater inflow to the lake can buffer fluctuations in lake-water level and reduce lake-level declines, especially during shorter periods of dry conditions.

Little is known of the interactions between groundwater and surface water on deeply weathered landscapes of low relief in the Great Lakes Region of Africa (GLRA). The role of groundwater in sustaining surface-water levels during periods of absent rainfall is disputed and groundwater is commonly excluded from estimations of surface-water balances. Triangulated piezometers installed beside lake gauging stations on Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga in Uganda provide the first evidence of the dynamic interaction between groundwater and surface water in the GLRA. Stable isotope ratios (2H:1H, 18O:16O) support piezometric evidence that groundwater primarily discharges to lakes but show further that mixing of groundwater and lake water has occurred at one site on Lake Victoria (Jinja). Layered-aquifer heterogeneity, wherein fluvial-lacustrine sands overlie saprolite, gives rise to both rapid and slow groundwater fluxes to lakes which is evident from the recession of borehole hydrographs following recharge events. Darcy throughflow calculations suggest that direct contributions from groundwater to Lake Victoria comprise <1% of the total inflows to the lake. Groundwater/surface-water interactions are strongly influenced by changing drainage base (lake) levels that are controlled, in part, by regional climate variability and dam releases from Lake Victoria (Jinja).

The widely used groundwater flow model MODFLOW offers a range of software packages to simulate the interaction between streams and groundwater in aquifer systems. However, these existing packages lack a general method to address the chaotic simulation sequences of stream segments and require these segments to be ordered by modelers as input to the code. Therefore, it is challenging to simulate a stream network divided into a large number of segments such as a canal irrigation system. In this study, the Streamflow Automatic Routing (SAR) package was developed, and an effective method is proposed to automatically determine the segment simulation sequence. The stream segment order in the SAR input file is arbitrary, which allows modifications of the stream network by removing segments directly and adding segments at the end of the segment group. This mainly includes two processes: scanning all the outlet channels of the water system and calling the recursive algorithm for each outlet channel of the water system. The SAR package was tested using a hypothetical stream–aquifer system and applied to a complex flow field in Aiding Lake of Turpan Basin, China. In the results, a close fitting between the simulation and observations shows that the SAR package precisely simulated the exchange flux between the steams and aquifer. The SAR package can significantly improve the efficiency of simulations in a complex stream network, and it can be widely used as a subroutine package of MODFLOW in agricultural irrigation areas where rivers and canals are interlaced.