The authors use the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey to examine the gender dimensions of public works. They use three rounds of a panel conducted in 1994-95 to explore the determinants of participation in, days worked, wages, and earnings from wage labor, food-for-work (FFW), and self-employment. Then they analyze public works data collected in 1997, together with program data collected in 2003. FFW operates in a similar fashion with other labor markets in Ethiopia where female participation is low. Gender differences are important in the participation decision, but operate differently in different types of labor markets. Better-educated women are more likely to participate in the wage labor market, while higher livestock holdings diminish participation more for women. Females with more schooling are also more likely to participate in FFW. Men’s and women’s participation in FFW and self-employment responds differently to household and community shocks. After controlling for selection in which gender plays an important role, gender disadvantages in the wage labor market and FFW are insignificant. Returns to schooling and height are consistently positive in both wage labor and FFW, suggesting returns to human capital investment, even in the low-skill labor markets of rural Ethiopia. Program characteristics significantly affect participation, with differential effects on men and women. Participation, days worked, wages, and earnings vary according to the type of project. Relative to infrastructure projects, water, social services, and other projects decrease participation probabilities. Distance has a strong negative effect on women’s participation relative to men’s.<BR>

El manual de tecnologías orientadas a su incorporación en la enseñanza de la cátedra del agua nace dentro del marco proyecto cátedra del agua, lanzado durante el Cuarto Congreso Internacional del Agua y Ambiente CIAYA IV, que dentro de su principal eje de trabajo sitúa la gestión integral del recurso hídrico enfocado al intercambio de conocimientos entre expertos sectoriales, investigadores y comunidades; haciendo énfasis especial en esta última y con el apoyo del semillero de investigación desarrollo, ruralidad y municipio en el programa agua y campo, junto con la asociación realizada con una fundación adscrita a una de las empresas electrificadoras de la zona de estudio, se adelantó un proceso de validación para las tecnologías que pasaron a conformar el manual de tecnologías orientadas a su incorporación en la enseñanza de la cátedra del agua. Esto mediante la participación activa de comunidades educativas de tipo rural, específicamente aquellas ubicadas en la cuenca media del río Bogotá, con un acercamiento inicial a infancia y adolescencia, generando un espacio de intercambio de conocimientos respecto a las principales características de un recurso hídrico en condiciones adecuadas para su consumo, el valor que trae su apropiada conservación, protección y restauración. Esta pieza investigativa a modo de manual se propone como un proyecto a largo plazo para que continúe su constitución por parte de las comunidades, siendo así, una herramienta de apoyo en la enseñanza de la cátedra del agua y pueda expandirse a muchos otros proyectos a nivel regional e incluso nacional, para la construcción conjunta de una gestión integral del recurso hídrico, promoviendo esta, inicialmente en las edades más tempranas de la población colombiana. | The handbook of technologies oriented to its incorporation in the teaching of the cathedra of water was born within the framework of the macro project cathedra of water, launched during the fourth international congress of water and environment CIAYA IV, which within its main axis of work places the integrated water resource management focused on the exchange of knowledge among sector experts, researchers and communities; with special emphasis on the latter and with the support of the seedbed of investigation development, rurality in the water and field program, together with the association made with a foundation attached to one of the electrification companies of the study area, a validation process was advanced for the technologies that came to shape the manual of technologies oriented to its incorporation in the teaching of the cathedra of water; this through the active participation of rural educational communities, specifically those located in the middle basin of the Bogotá river, with an initial approach to childhood and adolescence, generating a space for the exchange of knowledge regarding the main characteristics of a water resource in conditions adequate for its consumption, the value that its appropriate conservation, protection and restoration bring; this manual type pedagogical piece is proposed as a long-term project to continue its constitution by the communities, so being a support tool in the teaching of the cathedra of water and can expand to many other projects at regional level and even national, for the joint construction of an integral management of the water resource, promoting this, initially in the earliest ages of the colombian population.

&nbsp; &nbsp;In Mexico, municipal water services consider the supply and sanitation of domestic water including access, collection, distribution, use, and treatment. With regard to regulations, the municipality is the basic unit in the provision of this public service, so municipalities have in charge of offering continuous water supply and sanitation across their territorial political jurisdiction. However, there are various water management and access modalities within each territory. In general, urbanized areas have public infrastructure to receive a continuous supply from municipalities. In contrast, populations in urban outskirts and rural areas do not receive this service, so they resort to other self-management systems to solve water supply in their communities. In this way, the complete picture of water services is distorted, showing a biased reality where the lack of water services in suburbs or rural localities with no official access to public water services is hard to discern. Given this situation, it is important to analyze the municipality through a sectoral approach since it is necessary to identify and characterize water management from the geodemographic scale, understood as population and territory.&nbsp; The objective of this study was to analyze the coverage of domestic water public services and the other forms of access to water throughout the municipal area, according to the different types of population in which localities are classified. To this end, we followed a step-wise and systematic procedure to gather the necessary data and information on the research subject.&nbsp; Based on the application of quantitative and qualitative research techniques, the methodological approach was organized into four stages: diagnosis, design, description, and analysis. Based on the information obtained, the territory of the municipality of Huajuapan de Leon, Oaxaca, was structured from 153 localities: 81 neighborhoods, 41 residential compounds, 11 municipal agencies, 16 police offices, and a rural core. Non-participant observations were made through a surveillance trip through the study area. From this, we concluded that in-depth surveys and interviews should be carried out considering the organization of inhabitants within localities. In this way, both surveys and in-depth interviews were addressed to key informants, including City Council officers and local representatives because they have records and experience in managing water services in their communities. A total of 153 surveys were conducted for neighborhood presidents, municipal agents or police officers in these communities. Meanwhile, 68 interviews were conducted with key informants in localities with lack of water supply from municipal services, as well as with City Council officers. Finally, we triangulated quantitative and qualitative information obtained from two categories of analysis: geographical disaggregation and its geodemographic dynamics.&nbsp; The results showed the existence of four types of local water management sources: a) the government, b) independent water systems (IWSs), c) water delivery trucks, and d) private wells. It was identified that, given the lack of municipal water services, the local society is organized to get water supply by means of IWSs. However, this self-management modality is limited by the territorial conditions because the distance, the irregular topography and the sparsely distributed households represent geographic limits. As a result, the population living in urban outskirts and rural areas is forced to self-supply water from delivery trucks or private wells. With regard to the communities with self-supply from delivery trucks, the central issue is geodemographic. In this case, the necessary population does not exist and the geohydrological conditions of the land are unsuitable for constructing dikes or artesian wells, so the population gets water from delivery trucks. In the communities that extract water from wells, a large part of the water extracted is not only for household use but also for farming activities. It is worth noting that most households are used on a temporary basis, so managing any other type of water supply would be unsuitable.&nbsp; | &nbsp; &nbsp;Dentro del municipio de Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca, el servicio público de agua no es homogéneo. Existen zonas con gran infraestructura pública y organización social, así como otras sin abastecimiento público y poca participación ciudadana. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la cobertura del servicio público de agua de uso doméstico, así como las diversas formas de acceso al agua que existen en este ámbito municipal, en función de los diferentes tipos de población en que se clasifican las localidades. A partir de una combinación metodológica, se trianguló la información cuantitativa y cualitativa obtenida de encuestas locales y entrevistas a profundidad a representantes e informantes clave a partir de dos categorías de análisis: la desagregación geográfica y su dinámica geodemográfica. Los resultados evidenciaron la existencia de cuatro tipos de gestión local del agua: a) por el gobierno, b) por los Sistemas Independientes de Agua (SIA), c) por pipas y d) por pozos particulares. Se identificó que, ante el vacío del servicio público municipal, la sociedad se organiza para autoabastecerse de agua; sin embargo, esta autogestión se encuentra limitada a partir de las condiciones geodemográficas de la localidad. Por lo que es importante que estos elementos de acceso y participación local deban considerarse no solo en la integración de datos oficiales y académicos que analizan el servicio de agua a nivel municipal, sino también dentro de las políticas de los tres ámbitos de gobierno.&nbsp;

Resumen El presente artículo aborda la educación ambiental y la gobernanza del agua como dos campos que permiten una sinergia para transformar problemáticas ambientales locales. El objetivo es presentar resultados de la sistematización de una experiencia de educación ambiental no formal, que involucró a participantes de organizaciones de la sociedad civil de la cuenca de la laguna del Sauce (Maldonado, Uruguay). La estrategia metodológica se basó en la facilitación de procesos grupales de investigación acción educativa e investigación acción participativa. Los resultados del registro del proceso y de entrevistas a participantes muestran la generación de aprendizajes contextualizados acerca de la educación ambiental, el ambiente y el territorio, así como el fortalecimiento de los vínculos entre las organizaciones participantes. Una de las conclusiones es que se necesita mayor interacción entre los actores involucrados en la educación ambiental y los implicados en la gobernanza del agua, así como ampliar la participación social en ambos campos. | Abstract This article focuses on environmental education and water governance as two fields that allow for a synergy to transform local environmental problems. The objective is to present results of the systematization of a non-formal environmental education experience that involved participants from civil society organizations in the Laguna del Sauce basin (Maldonado, Uruguay). The methodological strategy was based on the facilitation of group processes of educational action research and participatory action research. The results arising from the registration of the process and the interviews conducted with participants include the generation of contextualized learning about environmental education, the environment, and the territory, as well as the strengthening of the relationships between the participating organizations. One of the conclusions is that a greater interaction is needed between the actors involved in environmental education and those involved in water governance, as well as greater social participation in both fields.

El 2050 proyecta tanto como escasez hídrica global. La mitad de la población mundial sufre de estrés hídrico actualmente, lo cual va acompañado de impactos severos en humedales y especies. Todavía, la crisis del agua se debe más a desigualdades en términos de acceso que escasez real. Adicionalmente, esta falta de coordinación entre actores y comunicación dificulta la gobernanza del agua, especialmente en cuencas transfronterizas. En Colombia, la gestión del agua presenta obstáculos como la poca participación comunitaria y la capacidad local. En el Tolima, río Coello posee problemas de calidad del agua. La gestión de agua en el Parque Natural Regional Anaime-Chilí, equilibra un enfoque mixto en la conservación y bienestar social. Por lo tanto, en este estudio se proponen orientaciones educativas que apoyen la gestión del agua en cuanto a saberes locales y capacidades participativas. Estas orientaciones se centran en mejorar la coordinación entre actores, promocionar prácticas sostenibles y promover la participación comunitaria. | Magíster en Gobernanza en áreas protegidas y gestión del recurso biológico | Maestría | The 2050 projects as much as global water scarcity. Half of the world's population currently suffers from water stress, which is accompanied by severe impacts on wetlands and species. Still, the water crisis is due more to inequalities in terms of access than to actual scarcity. In addition, this lack of coordination between actors and communication hinders water governance, especially in transboundary basins. In Colombia, water management presents obstacles such as low community participation and local capacity. In Tolima, the Coello River has water quality problems. Water management in the Anaime-Chili Regional Natural Park balances a mixed focus on conservation and social welfare. Therefore, this study proposes educational guidelines that support water management in terms of local knowledge and participatory capacities. These guidelines focus on improving coordination between actors, promoting sustainable practices and promoting community participation.

En la presente investigación se proponen estrategias para la mejora de la gestión integral del recurso hídrico asociadas a los principios de la gobernanza del agua, en la cuenca media del río Chicú, ubicada en el departamento de Cundinamarca. Para la creación de las estrategias se realizó una revisión bibliográfica amplia, así como un trabajo de campo en la zona de estudio, la cual permitió aplicar una entrevista a veinte personas ubicadas en distintos puntos de la cuenca, distribuidos entre comerciantes, ganaderos, agricultores y habitantes. La entrevista fue clave para la recolección de la información, necesaria e indispensable para identificar los factores principales que afectan la gestión integral del recurso hídrico, así como a los actores claves que se encuentran involucrados sobre la cuenca. | The following research proposes strategies for the improvement of the integral management of the hydric resource associated with the principles of the water governance, in the middle watershed of the Chicú River, located in the department of Cundinamarca. For the creation of the strategies, a wide bibliographic review was carried out, as well as a fieldwork in the study area, which allowed an interview to be applied to twenty people located in different points of the watershed, distributed among merchants, cattlemen, farmers and population. The interview was key to the collection of information, necessary and indispensable to identify the main factors that affect the integral management of the water resource, as well as the key stakeholders that are involved in the watershed.