Um pomar de laranja 'Baianinha' enxertada sobre limão 'Cravo' com 10 anos de idade, recebeu, neste período, práticas culturais de roçadeira no inverno e grade no verão, com três capinas manuais na linha por ano. Instalado em Latossolo Amarelo, nos Tabuleiros Costeiros, apresentava problemas de fitossanidade e produtividade, oriundos do impedimento ao desenvolvimento de raízes e exploração do solo e da água, ocasionados pelas camadas coesas características destes solos. Com o objetivo de aumentar a disponibilidade de água no solo para as plantas, aplicaram-se tratamentos de subsolagem, em interação com diferentes sistemas de poda da parte aérea. Realizaram-se uma amostragem de parâmetros físicos e químicos do solo, e um monitoramento da água nas profundidades de 0,30; 0,50; 0,70; 0,90; 1,10; 1,30 e 1,50 m com sonda de nêutrons, no período de dois anos ( 1&ordm; março/96 a 1&ordm; março/98), com duas repetições, em leituras semanais. As melhores respostas foram obtidas com os tratamentos subsolados sem poda e com poda leve. O tratamento subsolado com poda brusca apresentou as maiores deficiências de água disponível no solo, superando, inclusive, a testemunha.<br>A ten years old orchard of orange 'Baianinha' grafted on lemon 'Cravo' was submitted, to cultural practices of mower in the winter and grating in the summer, with three hand weedings, within crop line, a year. The work was carried out in a Yellow Latosol in the Coastal Table Land ecosystem. The orchard presented phytopathological and production problems, which were attributed to the impediment of the development of roots and storage of water, caused by the cohesive layers, characteristics of these soils. This study was to increase the water availability to the plants by treatments with subsoiling combined with different pruning systems. Physical and chemical parameters of the soil were evaluated and the behavior of the water, in the depths of 0,30; 0,50; 0,70; 0,90; 1,10; 1,30 and 1,50 m, was monitored by neutron probe, in the period from march/1st/96 to march/1st/ 98, with two replicates, in weekly readings. The best outcomes to the water availability were obtained with subsoiling without pruning and with light pruning. The subsoiling treatment with hard pruning presented lower water availability than all other treatments, including control.

Um pomar de laranja 'Baianinha' enxertada sobre limão 'Cravo' com 10 anos de idade, recebeu, neste período, práticas culturais de roçadeira no inverno e grade no verão, com três capinas manuais na linha por ano. Instalado em Latossolo Amarelo, nos Tabuleiros Costeiros, apresentava problemas de fitossanidade e produtividade, oriundos do impedimento ao desenvolvimento de raízes e exploração do solo e da água, ocasionados pelas camadas coesas características destes solos. Com o objetivo de aumentar a disponibilidade de água no solo para as plantas, aplicaram-se tratamentos de subsolagem, em interação com diferentes sistemas de poda da parte aérea. Realizaram-se uma amostragem de parâmetros físicos e químicos do solo, e um monitoramento da água nas profundidades de 0,30; 0,50; 0,70; 0,90; 1,10; 1,30 e 1,50 m com sonda de nêutrons, no período de dois anos ( 1&ordm; março/96 a 1&ordm; março/98), com duas repetições, em leituras semanais. As melhores respostas foram obtidas com os tratamentos subsolados sem poda e com poda leve. O tratamento subsolado com poda brusca apresentou as maiores deficiências de água disponível no solo, superando, inclusive, a testemunha. | A ten years old orchard of orange 'Baianinha' grafted on lemon 'Cravo' was submitted, to cultural practices of mower in the winter and grating in the summer, with three hand weedings, within crop line, a year. The work was carried out in a Yellow Latosol in the Coastal Table Land ecosystem. The orchard presented phytopathological and production problems, which were attributed to the impediment of the development of roots and storage of water, caused by the cohesive layers, characteristics of these soils. This study was to increase the water availability to the plants by treatments with subsoiling combined with different pruning systems. Physical and chemical parameters of the soil were evaluated and the behavior of the water, in the depths of 0,30; 0,50; 0,70; 0,90; 1,10; 1,30 and 1,50 m, was monitored by neutron probe, in the period from march/1st/96 to march/1st/ 98, with two replicates, in weekly readings. The best outcomes to the water availability were obtained with subsoiling without pruning and with light pruning. The subsoiling treatment with hard pruning presented lower water availability than all other treatments, including control.

Tesis para obtener el grado de Doctor en Área Ciencias Agropecuarias, de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, en noviembre de 2020 | Esta tesis tuvo por objetivo avanzar en el entendimiento de los factores que favorecen la compactación de suelos en siembra directa, analizar los mecanismos por los cuales las compactaciones afectan la productividad del agua en soja (Glycine max L. Merril), y analizar la efectividad de intervenciones mecánicas sobre su reversión. Para esto se combinaron: muestreos de suelo a nivel regional, experimentos en invernáculo, un metaanálisis de publicaciones y experimentos de campo. El muestreo regional mostró que la compactación entre 10-20 cm es un proceso ampliamente extendido, independientemente de la intensidad y aportes de carbono de las rotaciones. Los experimentos controlados mostraron que la compactación genera alteraciones en el crecimiento del sistema de raíces en su conjunto, no sólo en las raíces directamente afectadas. La compactación retrasó la profundización de raíces, y redujo la proliferación de raíces en estratos superficiales y profundos, más allá de 150 cm. Se observaron mecanismos compensatorios a nivel de absorción de agua por unidad de raíz, pero éstos se vieron limitados ante reducciones marcadas en la longitud de raíces. La compactación generó otros efectos que ameritan mayores estudios: redujo la cantidad y actividad de los nódulos directamente e indirectamente afectados. De acuerdo al meta-análisis, la descompactación mecánica permite aliviar las compactaciones y aumentar los rendimientos de soja de la región pampeana (~540 kg.ha-1 en promedio). La descompactación permitió incrementar la captación de agua en el perfil, y su extracción por el cultivo, aunque no la eficiencia de conversión a biomasa. Los efectos no parecen prolongarse más allá de 18-24 meses. Esta tesis permitió una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos por los cuales el deterioro estructural de los suelos en SD, y particularmente la compactación, afecta la utilización de agua y los rendimientos en soja, y en qué medida la descompactación puede aliviar estos efectos. | The aim of this thesis was to advance in the understanding of factors that contribute to topsoil compaction in no-till soils, to analyze the mechanisms by which topsoil compaction affects water productivity in soybeans (Glycine max L. Merril), and to analyze the effectiveness of mechanical decompaction labors. In order to accomplish this, we combined: a regional sampling study, greenhouse experiments, a meta-analysis of 32 publications and field experiments. The regional sampling showed that soil compaction between 10-20 cm is a widely extended process, independently of crop intensity and carbon inputs of agricultural rotations. Greenhouse experiments showed that topsoil compaction affects the complete root system, not only directly exposed roots. Topsoil compaction reduced root biomass and length in both superficial and deep subsoil layers, even beyond 150 cm. Compensatory mechanisms were observed in terms of water uptake rates per root unit, but these mechanisms were limited when marked reductions in root length occurred. Topsoil compaction generated other below-ground effects that deserve further studies: it reduced the number, mass and activity of directly and non-directly exposed nodules. According to the meta-analysis, mechanical decompaction alleviates compaction effects and increases soybean yields (~540 kg.ha-1 on average). Subsoiling increased water infiltration and water extraction by soybean, but water use efficiency (i.e. conversion to biomass) was not affected. However, the effects of mechanical interventions do not last beyond 18-24 months. This thesis allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the structural degradation in no-till soils, and particularly topsoil compaction, affects water use and soybean yields, and to what extent mechanical decompaction can alleviate these effects. | Fil: Peralta, Guillermo Ezequiel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; Argentina

Numerous modeling approaches are available to provide insight into the relationship between climate change and groundwater recharge. However, several aspects of how hydrological model choice and structure affect recharge predictions have not been fully explored, unlike the well-established variability of climate model chains—combination of global climate models (GCM) and regional climate models (RCM). Furthermore, the influence on predictions related to subsoil parameterization and the variability of observation data employed during calibration remain unclear. This paper compares and quantifies these different sources of uncertainty in a systematic way. The described numerical experiment is based on a heterogeneous two-dimensional reference model. Four simpler models were calibrated against the output of the reference model, and recharge predictions of both reference and simpler models were compared to evaluate the effect of model structure on climate-change impact studies. The results highlight that model simplification leads to different recharge rates under climate change, especially under extreme conditions, although the different models performed similarly under historical climate conditions. Extreme weather conditions lead to model bias in the predictions and therefore must be considered. Consequently, the chosen calibration strategy is important and, if possible, the calibration data set should include climatic extremes in order to minimise model bias introduced by the calibration. The results strongly suggest that ensembles of climate projections should be coupled with ensembles of hydrogeological models to produce credible predictions of future recharge and with the associated uncertainties.