Introduction: Soil loss caused by water erosion impacts both positive and negative fluxes of carbon to the atmosphere.Objective: To identify the main research trends related to the influence of water erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC) redistribution and its relationship with soil and water conservation practices.Materials and methods. Literature published in national and international journals was consulted in Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, ResearchGate and Google Scholar. Research trends were analyzed using predefined keywords and grouped according to their affinity.Results: In the period 2012-2022, 80 % of global research focused on SOC redistribution caused by the effect of water erosion and the effect of soil management and conservation practices; however, no studies were found in this regard in Mexico. Due to water erosion, programs for the construction of soil and water conservation works have been implemented in Mexico with significant success, such as sediment control dams, but the impacts in terms of C storage have not been evaluated.Conclusions: In Mexico there are areas of opportunity to focus research at different scales: (I) analyze the redistribution of SOC caused by water erosion, (II) estimate the storage of SOC in sediments, (III) analyze the potential of mechanical soil and water conservation practices as carbon sinks, and (IV) propose a risk index of SOC loss using remote sensing. | Introducción: La pérdida de suelo por erosión hídrica influye en los flujos positivos y negativos de carbono hacia la atmósfera.Objetivo: Identificar las principales tendencias de investigación con respecto a la influencia de la erosión hídrica en la redistribución del carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) y su relación con las prácticas de conservación del suelo y agua.Materiales y métodos. La literatura publicada en revistas nacionales e internacionales se consultó en Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, ResearchGate y Google Académico. Mediante palabras clave predefinidas se analizaron las tendencias de investigación y se agruparon según su afinidad.Resultados: En el periodo 2012-2022, 80 % de la investigación global se enfocó en la redistribución del COS por efecto de la erosión hídrica y en el efecto del manejo del suelo y de las prácticas de conservación; sin embargo, no se encontraron trabajos al respecto en México. Debido a la erosión hídrica, en México se han implementado programas para la construcción de obras de conservación de suelos y aguas con éxito significativo, como las presas de control de sedimentos, pero no se han evaluado los impactos en términos del almacenamiento de C.Conclusiones: En México existen áreas de oportunidad para enfocar la investigación a diferentes escalas: (I) analizar la redistribución del COS por efecto de la erosión hídrica, (II) estimar el almacenamiento del COS en sedimentos, (III) analizar el potencial de prácticas mecánicas de conservación de suelo y agua como sumideros de carbono y (IV) proponer un índice de riesgo de pérdida del COS utilizando sensores remotos.

Water buffaloes are particularly intolerant to direct solar radiation. During the warm periods of the day, the animals tend to search for mud or water puddles to refresh themselves, and they usually graze only during the cooler hours. This trial, proposes to study possible handling solutions for buffalo producers using the behavioral responses. 10 female buffaloes aging 24 months were observed for 3 days (from 06:00 to 18:00 h) in each of the handling systems:with natural and artificial shade (S); with artificial shade and pond (SA); with pond (A). The animals were observed in their location (under sun, under shadow, in water), attitude (standing, laying) and activity (grazing, ruminating, etc.). The animals spent more than 60% of the time in the sun (S:63,9%, SA: 64,5%, A: 71,9%), mostly ruminating. In the shade or in the pond, the main behaviors were rumination and inactivity. The use of the pond was remarkably preferential (SA: 237,7 minutes, A: 205,1 minutes). The results revealed a demand for any protection device against solar radiation for buffaloes on hot days, and, whenever available; water for immersion must be a priority.
 KEY-WORDS: Ethology, grazing, water buffaloes, welfare. Os búfalos são particularmente intolerantes à radiação solar direta. Durante os períodos quentes do dia, os animais tendem a procurar poças de água ou lama para se refrescarem e usualmente pastejam apenas nas horas de menor temperatura. O presente trabalho propõe estudar soluções de manejo possíveis ao bubalinocultor através de respostas comportamentais. O ensaio utilizou dez búfalas de 24 meses, observadas por três dias (das seis às dezoito horas) em cada sistema de manejo a pasto: com sombra natural e artificial (S); com sombra artificial e água para imersão (SA); com água para imersão (A), quanto à sua posição (sol, sombra, água), postura (em pé ou deitado) e atividade (pastando, ruminando etc.). Os animais passaram mais de 60% do tempo ao sol (S: 63,9%, SA: 64,5%, A:71,9%), mormente pastejando. Na sombra e na água os principais comportamentos foram ruminação e ócio. O uso da água foi notadamente preferencial (SA: 237,7 minutos, A: 205,1 minutos). Os resultados revelam a necessidade do uso de recursos de proteção contra a radiação solar para búfalos em dias quentes e que, quando disponível, a oferta de água para imersão deve ser priorizada.
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Bubalinos, conforto térmico, etologia, pastejo.

La Directiva Marco de Aguas, aprobada en el año 2000, obliga a todos los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea a introducir una política de precios del agua. Por ello se prevé que los subvencionados cánones y tarifas de riego pagados actualmente por superficie regada cambien por tarifas volumétricas mucho más elevadas. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en desarrollar una metodología que permita analizar el impacto que tendría una política de precios del agua del riego sobre la demanda de tecnologías ahorradoras de agua. Para ello se utilizan modelos de programación matemática basados en la Teoría de la Utilidad Multiatributo. Esta metodología se aplica de forma piloto en una zona regable de Castilla y León. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la disparidad de la disposición a pagar por nuevas tecnologías de riego entre los diferentes tipos de agricultores (...)

A disseminação das infecções associadas aos cuidados da saúde é complexa e multifatorial. Neste sentido, a abordagem da participação do ambiente na disseminação de bactérias, avaliando-se os efluentes líquidos, visa contribuir para melhor compreensão e definição das recomendações e políticas de controle dentro dos estabelecimentos de saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de bactérias E. coli, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp. e Staphylococcus sp. na água proveniente do Sistema de Abastecimento de Água (SAA) que chega aos hospitais localizados em um município da região do Vale dos Sinos e nos seus respectivos efluentes líquidos bem como a pesquisa dos genes blaSHV, blaTEM e blaCTX-M nos isolados encontrados no efluente. Os isolados foram triados por testes bioquímicos convencionais e posteriormente tiveram sua identificação confirmatória pela metodologia Maldi – TOF. A detecção dos genes blaSHV, blaTEM e blaCTX-M foi realizada nos isolados de E. coli, Pseudomonas sp. e Klebsiella sp. Obtiveram-se, nos efluentes pesquisados, 100 isolados. Destes isolados, 20/100 (20%) foram do gênero Klebsiella sp., 09/100 (9%) do gênero Staphylococcus sp., 05/100 (5%) do gênero Pseudomonas sp. e 09/100 (9%) foram E. coli. Evidenciou-se perfil de multirresistência em 70% dos isolados de E. coli, 41,66% dos isolados de K. variicola, 66,66% dos isolados de K. pneumoniae e 75% dos isolados de Pseudomonas sp. De 30 isolados avaliados para genes de resistência, quatro (04/30) apresentaram o gene blaSHV, três (03/30) apresentaram os genes blaSHV e blaTEM, seis (06/30) apresentaram o gene blaCTX-M e um isolado (01/30) apresentou os genes blaSHV e blaCTX-M. Na água do SAA foi encontrado um isolado do gênero Staphylococcus sp. sensível a todos os antimicrobianos testados. Nos efluentes dos pontos avaliados ocorreu a presença das bactérias potencialmente patogênicas e dos genes de resistência pesquisados. Portanto, este corpo d’água pode estar atuando na disseminação de fatores de resistência. | The spread of infections associated with health care is complex and multifactorial. In this sense, to approach the role of the environment in the bacterial dissemination, evaluating liquid effluents, aims to contribute to a better understanding and definition of recommendations and control policies within health facilities. The aims of this study was to evaluate the presence of E. coli, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus sp. in the water samples from the Water Distribution System (WDS) that enter the hospitals located in a municipality in the Sinos Valley region and in their respective liquid effluents, as well as the blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M resistance genes in the effluent isolates. The isolates were screened by conventional biochemical tests and later confirmed by the Maldi - TOF methodology. Detection of the blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes was performed in E. coli, Pseudomonas sp. and Klebsiella sp. A hundred isolates were obtained at the effluents samples surveyed. Of these isolates, 20% were Klebsiella sp., 9% were Staphylococcus sp., 5% were Pseudomonas sp. and 9% were E. coli. A multidrug resistance profile was found in 70% of the E. coli isolates, 41.66% of the K. variicola isolates, 66.66% of the K. pneumoniae isolates and 75% of the Pseudomonas sp. isolates. In the 30 isolates evaluated for the resistance genes, four had the blaSHV gene, three had the blaSHV and blaTEM genes, six had the blaCTX-M gene and one isolate presented the blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes. In the WDS water, a Staphylococcus sp. was found and it was sensitive to all tested antimicrobials. At the effluent from the evaluated points, the presence of potencial patogenic bacteria and the resistance genes studied were observed. Therefore, it might be taking part in the dissemination of resistant factors in this environment.

El objetivo es analizar el consumo de agua embotellada en México con miras a una economía circular. El documento evalúa las tasas de consumo de agua embotellada y los factores causales clave. Además, compara el rol que juegan los sectores público y privado en la exacerbación de la demanda de agua embotellada. El documento implementó una revisión sistemática que identificó artículos principalmente de las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus del 1 de noviembre al 31 de diciembre de 2022. Se utilizaron tres estrategias para el proceso de búsqueda, incluida la introducción de palabras de texto libre, la implementación de operadores booleanos y búsqueda de citas. La revisión sistemática se realizó de acuerdo con la declaración/metodología PRISMA. Cuarenta y ocho artículos fueron identificados después de la búsqueda completa. Los resúmenes indican que el consumo de agua embotellada es alto en México debido al suministro de agua potable convencional por debajo de la media. La mayoría de los clientes mencionaron razones organolépticas y de salud como factores clave que influyeron en su preferencia por el agua potable embotellada. Por el contrario, la demanda de agua embotellada contribuye a las botellas con alto contenido de tereftalato de polietileno, lo que contribuye a la degradación ambiental. La implementación de la economía circular puede reducir los efectos negativos asociados a través de estrategias de reducción y optimización. Se agruparon los hallazgos de varios artículos mientras se definieron las brechas clave y las áreas de mejora. El documento es fundamental para salvar la escasez de conocimiento sobre la economía circular y su aplicación en la industria del agua, al tiempo que proporciona recomendaciones para los responsables de la formulación de políticas. | The objective is to analyse bottled water consumption in Mexico in view of a circular economy. The paper evaluates the rates of bottled water consumption and the key causal factors. Furthermore, it compares the role played by the private and public sectors in exacerbating demand for bottled water. The paper implemented a systematic review that identified articles mainly from the Web of Science and Scopus databases from November 01 to December 31, 2022. There were utilised three strategies for the search process, including keying in free-text words, implementing Boolean operators, and citation searching. The systematic review was conducted in line with the PRISMA statement/methodology. Forty-eight articles were identified after the complete search. The summations direct that bottled water consumption is high in Mexico due to the below-par conventional drinking water supply. Most customers cited organoleptic and health reasons as key factors influencing their preference for bottled drinking water. Conversely, the demand for bottled water contributes to high Polyethylene Terephthalate bottles, which contribute to environmental degradation. The implementation of the circular economy can reduce the associated negative effects through decreasing and optimization strategies. There were conglomerates findings from various articles while defining the key gaps and areas for improvement. The paper is seminal in bridging the dearth of knowledge on the circular economy and its application in the water industry while providing recommendations for policymakers.

ABSTRACT: Wave energy converters (WEC) may be a promising option for extracting the energy available in the sea and ocean in a clean way. The oscillating water column (OWC) is one of the most well-known and applicable WEC systems. In this work, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to simulate an OWC at the shore numerically adapted to the Pacific Ocean conditions. For this purpose, ANSYS-Fluent software was used, and Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations were solved through the program in two dimensions. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) scheme and the laminar viscosity model were used for the description of the water-air interface and the fluid modeling, respectively. The regular waves were generated using Stokes second-order nonlinear theory by directly fitting as input the boundary condition as an open channel wave and the volume fraction parameters through implicit formulation. The variation of the free water surface elevation and the pressure drop inside the resonance chamber were investigated; the results showed that for the studied OWC, an efficiency of 0.672 was obtained. | RESUMEN: Los convertidores de energía de las olas (WEC) pueden ser una opción prometedora para extraer la energía disponible en el mar y los océanos de manera limpia. La columna de agua oscilante (OWC) es uno de los sistemas WEC más conocidos y aplicables. En este documento, se empleó la dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD) para simular numéricamente una OWC en la orilla adaptada a las condiciones del Océano Pacífico. Para este propósito, se utilizó el programa ANSYS-Fluent y las ecuaciones de Navier Stokes promediadas de Reynolds (RANS) fueron resueltas a través del programa en dos dimensiones. El esquema de Volumen de Fluido (VOF) y el modelo de viscosidad laminar fueron usados para la descripción de la interfaz entre el agua y el aire, y el modelamiento del fluido, respectivamente. Las olas regulares se generaron utilizando la teoría no lineal de segundo orden de Stokes ajustando directamente como entrada la condición de contorno como una ola de canal abierto y los parámetros de fracción de volumen a través de formulación implícita. La variación de la elevación de la superficie libre de agua y la caída de presión dentro de la cámara de resonancia fueron investigados, los resultados mostraron que para la OWC estudiada, se obtuvo una eficiencia de 0.672. | Convocatoria para el fortalecimiento de CTeI en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) Públicas 2020 | COL0008058

La creciente demanda de alternativas a los hidrogeles sintéticos y la inconveniente proliferación de la Eichhornia crassipes que causa afectaciones al medio ambiente, parecen ser dos problemáticas que se pueden solventar entre sí. Este estudio pretendía evaluar la viabilidad de esta planta invasora como fuente de celulosa para la fabricación de hidrogeles físicos de uso tópico. Para ello, se obtuvieron cuatro prototipos mediante variaciones de la metodología Organosolv, los cuales fueron caracterizados farmacotécnicamente y reológicamente. Los ensayos revelaron que cada prototipo obtenido se trataba de un hidrogel, con un contenido de agua superior al 92%, determinado por pérdida por secado, y un rendimiento del 31.1% ± 4.9%. La esparcibilidad señaló el prototipo B como semifluido, mientras que las pruebas reológicas determinaron que entre los prototipos no hay diferencias significativas y son pseudoplásticos garantizando el uso como hidrogeles tópicos. Además, todos los hidrogeles demostraron una baja citotoxicidad. Un análisis IR sugirió diferencias estructurales en cada uno de los hidrogeles, confirmando a su vez la prevalencia de celulosa. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza (p < 0.05) para determinar cambios significativos. En conjunto, estos hallazgos sugieren que la Eichhornia crassipes es una fuente viable para la fabricación de hidrogeles. | Pregrado | Químico Farmacéutico | The increasing demand for alternatives to synthetic hydrogels and the issue of Eichhornia crassipes' proliferation, which causes environmental damage, seem to be two problems that can be addressed by each other. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing this invasive plant as a source of cellulose for the fabrication of topical-use physical hydrogels. Four prototypes were synthesized via variations of the Organosolv methodology and subsequently subjected to pharmaceutical characterization. The experimental assays demonstrated that each prototype constituted a hydrogel, characterized by a water content exceeding 92%, as determined through drying loss, with a yield of 31.1% ± 4.9%. Evaluation of spreadability indicated the suitability of prototype B, while rheological assessments determined that there were no significant differences among the prototypes and they were all pseudoplastic, enserió their use as topical hydrogels. Furthermore, all hydrogels exhibited low cytotoxicity. Infrared spectroscopy revealed distinctive structural variances among the hydrogel formulations, confirming the predominance of cellulose. Statistical analysis, conducted via analysis of variance (p < 0.05), underscored significant differences. Collectively, these findings display the potential of Eichhornia crassipes as a viable cellulose source for hydrogel production.

[SPA] Las denominadas estrategias de Riego Deficitario Controlado (RDC) en un cultivo dado, se basan en la reducción de los aportes hídricos en determinados periodos fenológicos denominados no críticos, sin afectar negativamente ni a la producción ni a la calidad de la cosecha, incrementando significativamente la eficiencia en el uso del agua de riego. Por ello, es una estrategia muy útil para que el agricultor pueda mitigar la grave escasez de recursos hídricos que sufre la agricultura, modulando el riego aplicado a la disponibilidad de agua de riego y a la fenología del cultivo. Bajo esta premisa se realizó un estudio en el cultivo del paraguayo Carioca durante 3 años consecutivos, con el fin de establecer protocolos de riego que se ajustaran a la disponibilidad de agua de riego. Asimismo, se estableció el potencial hídrico de tallo a mediodía como el indicador del estado hídrico de planta más sensible al déficit hídrico, considerando un valor umbral de -1,5 MPa para optimizar la programación del riego deficitario. [ENG] The so-called Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDC) strategies in a given crop are based on the reduction of water inputs in certain non-critical phenological periods, without negatively affecting either the production or the quality of the harvest, significantly increasing the efficiency in the use of irrigation water. Therefore, it is a very useful strategy for the farmer to mitigate the serious shortage of water resources suffered by agriculture, modulating the irrigation applied to the availability of irrigation water and the phenology of the crop. Under this premise, a study was carried out in Carioca platerine crop for 3 consecutive years, to establish irrigation protocols that adjusted to the availability of irrigation water. Likewise, the stem water potential at midday was established as the indicator of the plant water status most sensitive to water deficit, considering a threshold value of -1.5 MPa to optimize deficit irrigation scheduling. | Proyecto IRRIMAN LIFE+ Implementation of efficient irrigation management for sustainable agriculture LIFE13 ENV/ES/000539, y al Programa de Acción Conjunta 2017 del Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, y la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PCIN-2017-091)

O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um levantamento dos estudos sobre o consumo de água e sua relação com o crescimento econômico. Metodologicamente, utilizou-se uma análise bibliométrica. Após definido os string de busca e as bases da Web of Science e da Scopus, foram analisados todos os papers encontrados e com o auxílio dos softwares excel, Iramuteq e Qgis, foi possível desenvolver tabelas, gráficos e figuras que deram suporte para as análises. Foi possível observar que do total de 56 artigos analisados, a grande maioria dos autores eram chineses. Os periódicos que continham as publicações são distribuídos em diversos países, não havendo uma concentração. O primeiro paper é datado de 1998 sendo de fácil observação o crescente número de trabalhos ao longo dos anos. Os últimos 6 anos concentra 66% das publicações sobre o tema, o que demostra o interesse e a atualidade sobre o assunto. A maioria dos pesquisadores são chineses e a área geográfica de interesse também tem destaque para os municípios e regiões da China. Através da análise de similitude foi possível observar as palavras mais relevantes e suas conexões além da formação de 10 clusters de palavras. Por fim, nota-se um tema multidisciplinar objeto de pesquisa de diversas áreas podendo ser estudado de forma mais específica, através dos clusters gerados. Abstract: The aim of this work is to identify studies on water consumption and its relationship with economic growth. Methodologically, a bibliometric analysis was used. After defining the search strings and the Web of Science and Scopus databases, all the papers found were analysed, the tables, graphs and figures that supported the analyses were made by Excel, Iramuteq and Qgis software. From the total of 56 articles analysed, it was possible to observe that the vast majority of authors were Chinese and the geographic area of interest is also highlighted by the cities and regions of China. The journals in which the articles were published are distributed in several countries, with no concentration. The first paper dates from 1998, and it is easy to notice a growing number of works over the years. The last 6 years of analysis concentrate 66% of the studies found, which shows the current interest on the subject. Through the similarity analysis, it was possible to observe the most relevant words and their connections in addition to the formation of 10 clusters of words. Finally, this is a multidisciplinary theme, which is a research object in several areas, and can be studied more specifically, through the generated clusters.