The effect of indol-3-acetic acid (lAA) and calcium (Ca + +) on the flow of water through Nitella celIs was studied. Nitella cernua Braun was selected because it is possible to study the permeability of a single isolated cell. IAA was used at a concentration of 0,28 10-3 M and CaCI2 at 10-3 M. The effect of IAA on the isolated cells was confirmed by the increase of plasticity and permeability of the plasmalema of the treated cells with absorption and a consequent elimination of water. The effect was reversed by Ca ions. | Se estudió el efecto del ácido indolil-3-acético (AIA) y el del calcio sobre el flujo de agua en células de Nitella. Se escogió Nitella cernua Braun porque permite el estudio de la permeabilidad en un organismo unicelular. El AIA se usó en una concentración de 0,28 x 10-3 M y el CaCl2 en la de 10-3 M. Su efecto sobre las células aisladas se confirmó por el incremento de la plasticidad y la permeabilidad del plasmalema de las células tratadas y por la absorción y la consiguiente eliminación de agua. Este efecto se invirtió con iones de calcio.

The present had the purpose of expanding the hydrogeochemical knowledge of the aquifer in the area of ​​the sub-basin of the Acahuapa River, in the department of San Vicente. Samples were collected from 10 points in the surface waters of the water network of the sub-basin. The samplings were carried out in the dry and rainy season during the period from February 2011 to August 2012. The parameters analyzed were cation data (Na, K, Ca, Mg, total Fe) and anions (HCO-3 , Cl-, SO-24, CaCO3-2), as well as carbonates in order to determine the mass balance and flow of CO2 gas. In addition, physicochemical parameters of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and electrical conductivity. Such analyzes are sufficient for the study of the main chemical processes in most aquifers and their relationships with hydrological systems. In general, it was concluded that the chemical behavior of the aquifer in the Acahuapa river sub-basin in both rainy and dry seasons is similar, and that the predominant water families are bicarbonate magnesium and calcium bicarbonate. The bicarbonated waters are bad for irrigation, due to the fixation of ions in the ground and creation of an alkaline environment. | El presente tuvo la finalidad de ampliar el conocimiento hidrogeoquímico del acuífero en la zona de la subcuenca del río Acahuapa, en el departamento de San Vicente. Se recolectaron muestras de 10 puntos en las aguas superficiales de la red hídrica de la subcuenca.  Los muestreos se llevaron a cabo en la época seca y lluviosa durante el periodo comprendido de febrero de 2011 hasta agosto de 2012.   Los parámetros analizados fueron datos de cationes (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe total) y aniones (HCO-3, Cl-, SO-24, CaCO3-2), así como de carbonatos con el fin de determinar el balance de masa y flujo de gas CO2. Además, parámetros fisicoquímicos de temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, pH y conductividad eléctrica. Tales análisis son suficientes para el estudio de los principales procesos químicos en la mayoría de los acuíferos y sus relaciones con los sistemas hidrológicos. De forma general se concluyó que el comportamiento químico del acuífero en la subcuenca del río Acahuapa en ambas épocas lluviosa y seca, es similar, y que las familias de agua predominantes son bicarbonatadas magnésicas y cálcicas bicarbonatadas. Las aguas bicarbonatadas son malas para riego, debido a la fijación de iones en el terreno y creación de un medio alcalino.

<p class="ResumoeAbstract"><span lang="EN-US">This paper presents the results of the development of instrumentation that enables sufficiently precise measurement of energy and water consumption of a small installation. The proposed prototypes allow the measurement of the electrical power consumed from the grid and the water flow drained from the supply system as functions of time. Through the temporal power and flow curves is possible to obtain, throughout numerical calculation (integration), the consumption of energy and water. Given the social problem created by the energy and water crisis, one of the objectives of the work is to find a shortage of physical measures that permit, at low cost, better management of energy and water conservation actions. Because of the low cost contour and choice of an open source system, we used the Arduino microcontroller. In addition, the objective is the future use of the instruments and their acquired knowledge, as a teaching object in the course of production engineering. In the body are presented: the stages of development, construction details and both sensors calibration methods. The results obtained during the calibration of the sensors indicate an accuracy that is consistent with the measurement needs and proposed objectives.</span> | O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados do desenvolvimento de instrumentação que possibilita a medição suficientemente precisa dos consumos de energia elétrica e de água de uma instalação de pequeno porte. Os protótipos propostos permitem a medida da potência elétrica consumida da rede e da vazão de água drenada do sistema de abastecimento como funções do tempo. Através das curvas temporais de potência e vazão é possível a obtenção, via cálculo numérico, do consumo de energia e de água. Dado o problema social gerado pela crise energética e hídrica, um dos objetivos do trabalho é atender uma carência de medidas físicas que permitam, com baixo custo, o melhor gerenciamento de ações de conservação de energia e água. Em razão do contorno de baixo custo e opção por um sistema open source, foi utilizado o microcontrolador Arduíno. Além disso, objetiva-se a utilização futura do instrumental e os respectivos conhecimentos adquiridos, como objeto de ensino no curso de engenharia de produção. São apresentadas no corpo do trabalho as etapas de desenvolvimento, detalhes da construção e métodos de calibração de ambos os sensores. Os resultados obtidos no decorrer da calibração dos sensores indicam uma precisão compatível com as necessidades de medição e objetivos propostos.

Since the end of the Cambodian Civil War in 1998, the population of the Oddar Meanchey province has drastically increased despite the lack of adequate infrastructure, including basic amenities such as drinking-water supply. To improve the access to drinking water, governmental and aid agencies have focussed on drilling shallow boreholes. The use of groundwater for irrigation is also a growing concern to cope with the occasional late arrival of the rainy season or to produce food during the dry season. Since the groundwater resource in the province has not been documented, a 4-year study was undertaken (2011–2014), aiming to estimate the capability of groundwater to supply domestic needs and supplementary irrigation for rice production. Aquifer properties were estimated by combined use of hydrogeological techniques with the geophysical magnetic resonance sounding method. Groundwater storage and recharge were estimated based on new developments in the application of the geophysical method for quantifying specific yield. The median groundwater storage of the targeted sandstone aquifer is 173 mm, the recharge is diffuse and annually ranges from 10 to 70 mm, and the transmissivity is low to medium. Simulations of pumping indicate that the aquifer can easily supply 100 L of drinking water per capita daily, even considering the estimated population in 2030. However, the shallow aquifer can generally not deliver enough water to irrigate paddy fields of several hectares during a 2-month delay in the onset of the monsoon.

Las estaciones de lavado de vehículos convencionales son uno de los sectores de servicios que más consume agua en su proceso productivo, incumpliendo con las normas ambientales y gastando bienes económicos tanto propios con el alto pago del servicio público de acueducto y alcantarillado como públicos en los recursos destinados al tratamiento de estas aguas por parte de la Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá. Dimensionando esta problemática se analiza que los establecimientos de lavado de vehículos no cuentan con las bases de orientación hacia el cumplimiento de una política de ahorro y uso eficiente del agua que les beneficie en todos los aspectos. Por tal motivo el presente trabajo de grado contemplo el estudio de caso de la estación de lavado de vehículos “Los Ángeles”, específicamente la implementación y funcionamiento de la planta de tratamiento y recirculación de agua residual con la que cuentan al observarla como una tecnología de fácil adquisición, operación y funcionamiento. Para probar esta hipótesis se llevó a cabo un diagnóstico y evaluación técnicoperativo, ambiental y económico de dicha Planta de Tratamiento y Agua Residual (PTAR), donde se determinó que para el caso en particular se deben corregir ciertos parámetros para que la PTAR sea totalmente eficiente y donde se concluyó a modo general que los puntos técnicos, operativo, ambiental y económico en su mayoría son eficientes. Este tipo de PTAR es un modelo para los demás establecimientos de lavado de vehículos convencionales al analizar la relación costo beneficio que tiene, se formuló las bases para la implementación de una Planta de Tratamiento y Recirculación de Agua Residual dirigida a los lavaderos de vehículos de manera asequible e instructiva para el conocimiento y posible implementación de este tipo de tecnología. | The wash stations of conventional cars are one of the most services sectors which consume water in the productive process, breaking with the environmental standards and spending economic goods both own with the high payment of the public service of aqueduct and sewer as public resources which are destined for the treatment of water by the aqueduct and sewer company of Bogotá. Measuring this issue, it is possible to analyze that the wash stations of conventional cars do not posse the bases of orientation towards fulfillment of a saving policy and efficient use of water which will benefit them in all the aspects. For that reason, this work of degree contemplate the study of case of the car wash stations “Los Angeles”, specifically the implementation and functioning of the plant of treatment and recirculation with which account, observing this as a technology of easy acquisition, operation and performance. To prove the hypothesis, it was carried out technique-operative, environmental and economically diagnostic of the mentioned plant of treatment of residual water (PTRW) where this particular case must correct certain parameters, in order that the PTRW gets totally efficient and where it concluded that the technical point, operative, environmental and economic in the majority are efficient. This type of PTRW is a model for other wash conventional vehicles places, to analyze the cost-benefit ratio that is, the basis for the implementation of a treatment plant and Recycling Wastewater aimed at car washes places was formulated an affordable and instructive for understanding and possible implementation of this kind of technology.

Indigenous peoples in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) are 10 to 25 percent less likely to have access to piped water and 26 percent less likely to have access to improved sanitation solutions than the region’s non-indigenous population. Historically, Indigenous peoples have been marginalized from the development process in their own countries and still suffer discrimination from the mainstream societies today. Oftentimes, Indigenous territories are overlooked or avoided by Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) project planners and proponents given their lack of understanding of how to engage or carry out projects in collective or semi-autonomous Indigenous territories, the remoteness of these areas, and the high associated per capita cost of a potential operation, among other reasons. The significant gap in Indigenous peoples’ access to WSS services, a basic human right that is closely linked to economic and social wellbeing, alongside the lack of established tools in the sector to guide engagement in Indigenous territories, motivated the creation of this Toolkit. The objective of the Toolkit is to provide practical guidance and operational tools to improve the inclusion of, engagement with, and delivery of sustainable WSS services to Indigenous peoples in LAC in order to permanently close the WSS service gap. The Toolkit summarizes the findings of interviews, consultations, and field visits carried out by a multi-sector, multi-national World Bank Team in 37 Indigenous communities located in urban, peri-urban and rural areas in seven LAC countries where the World Bank or other development actors had implemented WSS projects with Indigenous peoples.