En México existen 3.8 millones de viviendas sin acceso al agua entubada, habitadas por cerca de 15 millones de personas, situación que genera desabasto, además de algunas enfermedades gastrointestinales.

Diseñar un sistema de recolección de agua, proveniente de la humedad del aire, que mitigue la escasez de agua en las temporadas secas del año, por medio de la aplicación de conceptos básicos de termodinámica aplicada y bio geo diseño. Donde el diseño aporta la mejora de los sistemas mediante su pensamiento divergente. La investigación de este proyecto se realizó utilizando 6 metodologías: 1. Método científico 2. Método epistemológico formalizante 3. Design thinking 4. “¿Qué? ¿Cómo? ¿Por qué? 5. Biónica 6. Bernd lobach. Con estas metodologías reencontró que la zona piloto de aplicación, Tunja, Boyacá, es un lugar idóneo para realizar el proyecto. Recolector de agua, captada de la atmósfera, para zonas rurales. Es el nombre de este proyecto, que llega a recolectar dos mil litros de agua en un periodo de 24 horas, que podría mitigar el problema de escasez de agua en épocas de sequía. Para efectos de llevar eso acabo se utilizan los paquetes técnicos similares a ares acondicionados y materiales de alta resistencia. Para garantizar a los campesinos y neo campesinos (que son nuestros usuarios) una vida útil de mínimo 20 años. Bachue, agua y vida se nombró al producto resultante de este proyecto, que por medio de su producción de agua, permite una recuperación de la inversión aproximadamente en 44 meses. Es un producto único en su escala a nivel Latinoamérica que puede llegar a producirse en diferentes escalas para suplir diferentes necesidades y llegar a más usuarios. | Diseñador industrial | Pregrado | Design a system for collecting water, coming from the humidity of the air, which will alleviate water shortages in the dry season of the year, through the application of basic concepts of applied thermodynamics and bio geo design. Where the design provides improvement of systems through their divergent thinking. This project research was carried out using 6 methodologies: 1. scientific method 2. Formalizing epistemological method 3. Design thinking 4. "What? How? Why? 5 Bionic 6. Bernd lobatch. with these methodologies re found that the pilot area of application, Tunja, Boyacá, is an ideal place to carry out the project. Collecting of water, collected from the atmosphere, for rural areas. It is the name of this project, coming to collect two thousand liters of water in a period of 24 hours, which could alleviate the problem of scarcity of water in times of drought. For purposes of lead that I just used similar technical packages to ares conditioners and materials of high strength. To ensure that farmers and neo farmers (who are our users) a useful life of at least 20 years. Bachué, water and life was named the product resulting from this project, which through its production of water, enables a payback about in 44 months. It is a unique product in its scale to Latin America level that may occur at different scales for different needs and reach more users

RESUMEN: Se usaron técnicas de análisis estadístico multivariado, para determinar la variación temporal y espacial de la calidad del agua en la zona costera de Santa Marta, donde se ubica un emisario submarino que descarga 1 m3/s de aguas residuales domésticas. La ANOVA de dos vías, los análisis de clúster y de componentes principales mas la interpolación de krigging, fueron considerados para este análisis. En la variación temporal se encontraron diferencias que marcan en el año dos periodos de tiempos heterogéneos, de diciembre a abril la concentración de los parámetros de calidad del agua es más alta. El resto del año (mayo, junio, agosto, noviembre, exceptuando el mes de julio donde se presentaron concentraciones altas), se registran concentraciones sensiblemente inferiores. En la variación espacial se reportan dos grupos de áreas en las cuales la calidad del agua es diferente, dicha diferencia está relacionada con la cercanía a la descarga del emisario submarino. | ABSTARCT: Multivariate statistical techniques were used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of water quality at the Santa Marta coastal area where a submarine outfall that discharges 1 m3/s of domestic wastewater is located. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), cluster and principal component analysis and Krigging interpolation were considered for this report. Temporal variation showed two heterogeneous periods. From December to April, and July, where the concentration of the water quality parameters is higher; the rest of the year (May, June, August-November) were significantly lower. The spatial variation reported two areas where the water quality is different, this difference is related to the proximity to the submarine outfall discharge.

Access to open water is considered good for the health and welfare of Pekin ducks. These studies investigated: 1.- the effect of water resource type (nipple drinker, narrow bell drinker, wide bell drinker, trough or pool) on duck health and behavior; 2.- the preference shown by ducks between pools of different depths (10cm, 20cm or 30cm) and whether the behaviours performed differed between these depths. Stage 1.- There was a significant effect of treatment on hygiene scores and nostril condition, with baths and troughs being better than the other resources. Overall, there was no effect of treatment on eye health score, gait or foot pad dermatitis. Significantly fewer ducks were resting inactive by the baths and troughs, and the % of ducks performing bathing behaviours was higher in those resources. Stage 2.- None of the factors analyzed had a significant effect on pool preference. Provision of open water seems to improve some aspects of duck health and welfare, and ducks were neither more attracted to, nor more averse to, deeper water. However, further work is needed to investigate open water resources such as pools or troughs at a commercial scale.

RESUMEN: Se monitoreo la calidad del agua utilizando como indicador los coliformes fecales y totales en la bahía de Santa Marta. El grado de contaminación fue determinado mediante el análisis de datos de calidad del agua en nueve estaciones de muestreo. Cuatro de ellas en las playas de Santa Marta, Taganga, Playa Grande y el Rodadero; dos en las desembocaduras de los ríos Manzanares y Gaira y las tres restantes en la descarga del emisario submarino a diferentes profundidades (Fondo, Profundidad media y Superfi cie). Las muestras fueron tomadas entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2008 cada dos meses. Se encontró una asociación entre el vertimiento del emisario submarino cuyo caudal fue estimado en 1028,64±163,9 (L/s) y la calidad del agua en Taganga y Santa Marta. Se examinó el grado de contaminación en las estaciones de muestreo, encontrando niveles de contaminación media en la playa de Santa Marta, las desembocaduras de los ríos y la estación en la superfi cie del emisario submarino. | ABSTARCT: Water quality in Santa Marta bay was monitored using fecal and total coliforms. The pollution degree was determined by water quality data analyzing at nine sampling stations. Four of them on the beaches (Santa Marta, Taganga, Playa Grande and Rodadero), two at the mouths of Manzanares and Gaira rivers and the last in the submarine outfall discharges in different depths (Bottom, medium depth and surface). Samples were collected between January 2006 and December 2008, every two months. An association between the submarine outfall discharges (the fl ow was estimated at 1028.64 ± 163.9 L/s) and the water quality in Taganga and Santa Marta was found. The pollution degree at the sampling stations was examined, the Santa Marta beach, the mouths of the rivers and the submarine outfall surface station showed pollution at medium level.

En el año 2004 se instaló un lisímetro de compensación de 2 x 2 x 0,80 m con capa freática constante en un monte de durazneros, con el objetivo de estudiar el consumo de agua de ese cultivo en la región sur del Uruguay. Las mediciones se hicieron en las tres primeras temporadas de crecimiento. El consumo en la primera temporada alcanzó valores de 5 mm d-1, equivalente a 56 L en el marco de plantación. En la segunda temporada llegó a 6 mm d-1 (68 L), aunque alcanzó valores extremos de más de 7 mm d-1. Cuando el árbol alcanzó su tamaño adulto, el consumo máximo se mantuvo alrededor de los 6 mm d-1, aunque este valor se alcanzó más temprano que en la temporada anterior. Este adelanto se correspondió con un mayor índice de área foliar (IAF). El coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) fue de alrededor de 1,2 en la primera temporada, y de 1,4 en las dos siguientes. Se calcularon los coeficientes de base (Kcb) y su valor se ajustó por el modelo tri-segmentado. Su valor fue de 0,91 en la primera temporada, 1,04 en la segunda y 1,20 en la tercera. Se hacen algunas observaciones metodológicas sobre el uso de este lisímetro, proponiéndose incorporar la variación de agua en el suelo a la ecuación de balance de volúmenes y se propone adicionar riego desde la superficie.<br>A compensation lysimeter with constant freatic water table of 2 x 2 x 0.80 m was installed in 2004 in a peach grove, in order to study the crop water consumption in the south of Uruguay. Measurements were taken in the first three growing seasons. Evapotranspiration at the first season reached 5 mm d-1, equivalent to 56 L in the whole area. In the second season, it went up to 6 mm d-1 (68 L), reaching extreme values of 7 mm d-1 and more. When the tree reached its adult size, the maximum consumption remained around 6 mm d-1, although this value was reached earlier than the season before. This early behavior came together with higher leaf area index (LAI). The crop coefficient (Kc) was around 1.2 in the first season, and 1.4 in the following two seasons. Basal crop coefficient (Kcb) was calculated and its value was adjusted by the tri-segmented model. The value was 0.91 at the first season, 1.04 in the second and 1.20 in the third. Some methodological observations are made regarding the lysimeter use. Adding the soil water changes to the mass balance equation is suggested, as well as incorporating irrigation from the surface.

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Hortofruticultura e Viticultura - Instituto Superior de Agronomia | The irrigation management of golf courses has recently become of great importance, mainly in water scarcity conditions. This is due to the increase of water demand in urban areas. The choice of the turf grass is essential for the reduction of water consumption. The main focus of this study is the evaluation of the irrigation systems used in a golf course, located at Oeiras, and the assessment of irrigation water requirements and scheduling strategies to obtain a healthy turf grass. Field assessments provided for the evaluation of the sprinkler irrigation systems, and respective uniformity was estimated. Results have shown that three test areas were classified as uniform, and two other were classified as having sufficient uniformity. The soil water content in different locations was observed under various irrigation schedules: a daily irrigation for C3 grass, and four different schedules for C4 grass: irrigation frequencies of 1, 2, 3 and 4 times per week. The equipment used for measurements of the soil water content was the Delta-T Profile Probe (PR1). These observations allowed the calibration and validation of WinISAREG model and the consequent estimation of crop coefficients and soil water depletion fractions for no-stress relative to both grass types. The landscape net irrigation requirements were calculated through soil water balance simulations, adopting the actual irrigation schedules and soil water content. These irrigation requirements were estimated with the combination of reference evapotranspiration (ETO) with the landscape coefficient parameterized from the crop coefficients derived with the WinISAREG model as referred above. It was observed that the visual quality of the turf grass was affected in C4 grasses when the irrigation frequency decreased below 4 irrigations per week, but the quality of the grass for playing was not affected. The visual quality and conditions for playing of C3 grasses were not affected during the study period. This application to a specific golf course may be extended to other areas using modeling; it also may be concluded that the adopted model can support the decision making on turf grass irrigation for gulf courses when water use has to be improved.-----------------------------------A gestão da rega dos campos de golfe tem-se tornado nos últimos anos de importância vital em especial quando em anos de carência hídrica. Essa importância devese ao aumento da competição pela procura de água no espaço urbano. Assim, os objectivos do presente estudo são a avaliação dos sistemas de rega utilizados num campo de golfe situado na região de Oeiras e avaliar várias estratégias de rega com vista à obtenção de relva de qualidade. Para tal realizou-se trabalho de campo para avaliar os sistemas de rega por aspersão utilizados e foram determinados os índices de uniformidade de distribuição. Observou-se a evolução da água do solo em vários locais correspondendo a um tratamento de rega diária com plantas C3, e quatro tratamentos com plantas C4 com 1, 2, 3 e 4 regas por semana. Estas observações permitiram calibrar e validar o modelo WinISAREG, determinar os coeficientes culturais e a fracção de depleção sem causar stress. As necessidades hídricas do espaço verde foram assim calculadas com base em simulações do balanço hídrico do solo, utilizando os calendários de rega e teores de água do solo observados. Estas necessidades hídricas foram calculadas combinando a evapotranspiração de referência (ETO) com o coeficiente de espaços verdes parametrizado a partir dos coeficientes culturais. Conclui-se que a rega 1 ou 2 vezes por semana é inapropriada para as C4. Esta aplicação a um campo de golfe específico pode ser estendida por modelação e o modelo agora utilizado poderá servir de apoio à gestão.