The water resources of the 32 atolls of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) are under continual threat from El Niño-induced droughts and other natural hazards. With government policies emphasizing sustainable development of atoll-island communities, local managers are in need of tools for predicting changes in the availability of fresh groundwater, which communities depend upon during droughts that incapacitate rain-catchment systems. An application of a recently developed, readily portable algebraic model is demonstrated here, to estimate the freshwater-lens thickness of atoll islands in the FSM, a key component of FSM groundwater resource assessment. Specifically, the model provides estimates of the lens thickness of atoll islands in the FSM during normal and drought conditions. The model was tested for use in the FSM through comparison with available lens data under both average rainfall conditions and intense drought conditions, and then applied to major islands of each atoll within the FSM. Results indicate that out of 105 major islands on FSM atolls, only six would likely retain sufficient groundwater to sustain the local community during an intense drought.

In this study, one system using solid phase extraction minicolumns with sisal impregnated N-diacetic acid-N Aminometilalizarina 3, and 4 - (2-thiazolylazo)-resorcinol (TAR) are proposed as strategies for preconcentration and determination of metals in leaf tobacco and mineral water. The method adopted a system employing off-line preconcentration atomic absorption spectrometry in flames. The variables were optimized buffer concentration, pH, sample flow rate and flow eluted. Factorial design was used for evaluation of individual factors and their interactions. In the analysis of the studied system, the buffer concentration and pH were significant factors. After optimization of the system, the critical points were: pH 4.75, buffer concentration of 0.005 mol L-1. This system allowed the determination of copper content with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.018 μg L-1 and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.061 μg L-1, precision expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4, 6 and 5.0% using a concentration of 10 μ and 2.0 μg L-1, respectively. The determination of cadmium in mineral water, we used two-level factorial design in order to investigate which variables are statistically significant. The results showed that the buffer concentration and pH were factors that significantly affect the system. For the optimization of the significant variables was used factorial design of three levels as response surface methodology, but the result indicated saddle point. Optimum conditions were established using visual inspection. From the contour plot analysis of the experimental conditions were established: pH 7.0 buffer concentration 0.009 mol L-1 used for the elution HCl 2.0 mol L-1. The determination of cadmium was possible with a detection limit of 0.05 μg L-1 and a limit of quantification of 0.17 μg L-1 accuracy, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.9 and 3.4% cadmium concentration of 10.0 and 20.0 μg L-1, respectively. | No presente estudo, um sistemas de extração em fase sólida utilizando minicolunas com sisal impregnadas com o ácido N-diácetico 3 Aminometilalizarina-N, 4-(2-tiazolilazo)-resorcinol (TAR), são propostos como estratégias para preconcentração e determinação de metais em amostras de folhas de tabaco e água mineral. O método desenvolvido adotou um sistema de preconcentração off-line empregando espectrometria de absorção atômica em chama. As variáveis otimizadas foram concentração do tampão, pH, vazão de amostragem e vazão de eluição. Planejamento fatorial foi utilizado para avaliação dos fatores individuais e de suas interações. Na análise do sistema estudado, a concentração do tampão e pH foram fatores significativos. Após otimização do sistema, os pontos críticos encontrados foram: pH = 4,75, concentração do tampão de 0,005 mol L-1. Este sistema permitiu a determinação do teor de cobre com um limite de detecção (LD) de 0,018 μg L-1 e um limite de quantificação (LQ) de 0,061 μg L-1, precisão expressa como desvio padrão relativo (R.S.D) de 4,6 e 5,0%, utilizando concentração de 10 e 2,0 μ g L-1, respectivamente. Na determinação de cádmio em água mineral, utilizou-se planejamento fatorial de dois níveis com o objetivo de investigar quais variáveis são estatisticamente significativas. Os resultados apontaram que a concentração do tampão e pH foram fatores que afetam de forma significativa o sistema. Para a otimização das variáveis significativas utilizou-se planejamento fatorial de três níveis como metodologia de superfície de resposta, porém o resultado indicou ponto de sela. As melhores condições experimentais foram estabelecidas utilizando inspeção visual. A partir da análise do gráfico de contorno as condições experimentais estabelecidas foram: pH 7,0, concentração de tampão 0,009 mol L-1, para a eluição utilizou-se HCl 2,0 mol L-1. A determinação de cádmio foi possivel com um limite de detecção de 0,05 μg L-1 e um limite de quantificação de 0,17 μg L-1 , precisão, expresso como um desvio padrão relativo (RSD) de 2,9 e de 3,4% para uma concentração de cádmio de 10,0 e 20,0 μg L-1, respectivamente.

Se analiza en juveniles en etapa de engorde (7 g) de Cherax quadricarinatus, el ritmo circadiano de los niveles de proteínas totales, la actividad de las proteasas, lipasas y amilasas, y su posible modificación en función del momento de alimentación matutino (8 h) y vespertino (17 h). En general, la actividad de las enzimas digestivas de los juveniles de C. quadricarinatus no mostró un patrón circadiano de secreción, a excepción de las lipasas, donde se observó un incremento de actividad hacia la tarde-noche y disminución hacia las primeras horas de la mañana. Los niveles de proteína total, la actividad de proteinasas y amilasas registradas en la glándula digestiva, permanecieron prácticamente inalterados en todos los experimentos. A pesar de ello, se observó tendencia a que los niveles de actividad de proteinasas disminuyan luego del pulso de alimentación, recuperando los niveles anteriores 3 h después, independientemente del horario de alimentación. En cambio la actividad de amilasa no mostró ninguna tendencia por efecto del horario de alimentación. El estudio de los patrones de secreción de las enzimas digestivas y sus posibles modificaciones, podría ser utilizado como una herramienta para establecer los momentos del día más propicios para la alimentación de los juveniles en cultivo. | ABSTRACT. We analyze in juvenile Cherax quadricarinatus fattening stage, the circadian rhythm of total protein levels, activity of proteases, lipases and amylases, and their possible change as a function of morning (8 h) and evening (17 h) feeding. In general, the activity of digestive enzymes of juvenile C. quadricarinatus showed no circadian pattern of secretion of lipases except where there was an increase towards the evening-night and a decrease towards the early hours of the morning. The total protein levels, the activity of proteinases and amylases of juveniles of C. quadricarinatus registered in the midgut gland remained virtually unchanged in all experiments. However, a non-significant tendency to diminish the proteinase activity levels after the feeding pulse was observed, with a return to previous enzymatic levels after 3 h. In contrast, the amylase activity did not show an observable effect by the feeding schedule. The study of the patterns of the digestive enzyme secretion and their possible changes, could be used as a tool to establish the most favorable times of the day for juveniles feeding. | Fil: Sacristán, Hernán Javier. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Cs.exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina; | Fil: Franco-Tadic, Luis M.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Cs.exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental. Laboratorio de Fisiologia de Crustáceos; Argentina; | Fil: Lopez, Laura Susana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Cs.exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina;

TABLA DE CONTENIDO Pág INTRODUCCION 9 1. EL PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACION 15 1.1 DEFINICION DEL PROBLEMA 15 1.2 FORMULACION DEL PROBLEMA 17 1.3 OBJETIVOS 17 1.3.1 Objetivo General 17 1.3.2 Objetivos específicos 17 2. JUSTIFICACION 19 3. MARCO LEGAL 20 4. MARCO TEÓRICO 22 4.1 ALUMNIO 22 4.1.1 Composición 22 4.1.2 Impactos ambientales 22 4.1.3 Condiciones técnicas del aluminio en las Compras Sustentables de la EAAB-ESP 23 4.2 CLORO 26 4.2.1 Propiedades 26 4.2.2 Fabricación 27 4.2.3 Riesgos ambientales 27 4.2.4 Usos 29 4.2.5 Producción 31 4.2.6 Efectos sobre la salud 31 4.2.7 Efectos ambientales del cloro 33 4.2.8 Condiciones técnicas del cloro en las Compras Sustentables de la EAAB-ESP 33 4.3 DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE 35 4.4 GESTION AMBIENTAL 38 4.4.1 Contexto general de la Gestión Ambiental 38 4.4.2 Antecedentes de la Gestión Ambiental en Colombia 40 4.4.3 Políticas, normas y planes relacionados con la política de Gestión Ambiental Urbana-PGAU 41 4.4.4 Lineamientos fundamentales de la Gestión Ambiental 48 4.4.5 La Gestión Ambiental Urbana 49 4.4.6 Estrategias para la implementación de la Gestión Ambiental 51 4.4.7 Plan de acción para la Gestión Ambiental Urbana 53 4.4.8 La Gestión Ambiental y las ciudades amables 55 4.4.9 Las ciudades sostenibles 55 4.4.10 La Gestión Ambiental en el Distrito Capital de Bogotá 56 4.5 NORMA ISO 14001:2004 57 4.6 COMPRAS SUSTENTABLES 59 4.7 MARCO CONCEPTUAL 64 4.8 MARCO GEOGRAFICO 65 5. METODOLOGÍA DEL TRABAJO 72 5.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACION 72 5.2 TECNICAS E INSTRUMENTOS 73 5.2.1 Diseño de criterios ambientales 73 5.2.2 Implementación y aprobación 85 5.2.3 Organización y logística 85 5.3 RESULTADOS FINALES 86 5.3.1 Diseño de criterios ambientales para las compras sustentables tendientes a fomentar la gestión ambiental en la EAAB-ESP 89 5.3.2 Criterios de seguimiento y evaluación de Contratos de compra 89 5.3.3 Criterios ambientales de compra 91 CONCLUSIONES 95 RECOMENDACIONES 97 BIBLIOGRAFIA 99 | Pregrado | Ingeniero en Ambiental | Ingeniería Ambiental

During the past decade countries in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region have lifted more than 50 million people out of poverty, yet half of the rural population in the region still lacks access to sanitation and approximately 20 percent to drinking water. In January 2012, policy makers, scholars, and practitioners from nine LAC countries came together in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic to explore the opportunities and challenges of integrating in a more systematic and sustainable way the promotion of hygiene and sanitation behavioral change into water and sanitation investments. During the conference in Santo Domingo, it became evident that a common understanding is currently emerging from most countries in the sense that infrastructure by itself will not solve the global problems of inadequate access to improved sanitation and potable water, unless people adopt new behaviors. Therefore, there is a need to spread learning on best practices to implement cost effective water, sanitation and hygiene models, which bring about change at home and in the community at scale. This paper highlights key issues that arose in presentations and group discussions during the conference, which, can lead to substantial improvements in the provision of a multi-sector approach to hindering sustainable water and sanitation services for all.

The impact of groundwater withdrawals on the interaction between multi-layered aquifers with different water qualities in the Viterbo geothermal area (central Italy) was studied. In this area, deep thermal waters are used to supply thermal spas and public pools. A shallow overlying aquifer carries cold and fresh water, used for irrigation and the local drinking-water supply. Starting with a conceptual hydrogeological model, two simplified numerical models were implemented: a steady-state flow model of the entire groundwater system, and a steady-state flow and heat transport model of a representative area, which included complex interactions between the aquifers. The impact of increased withdrawals associated with potential future development of the thermal aquifer must be considered in terms of the water temperature of the existing thermal sources. However, withdrawals from the shallow aquifer might also influence the discharge of thermal sources and quality of the water withdrawn from the shallow wells. The exploitation of the two aquifers is dependent on the hydraulic conductivity and thickness of the intervening aquitard, which maintains the delicate hydrogeological equilibrium. Effective methods to control this equilibrium include monitoring the vertical gradient between the two aquifers and the residual discharge of natural thermal springs.

Although shallow groundwater (<50 mbgl) sustains the vast majority of improved drinking-water supplies in rural Africa, there is little information on how resilient this resource may be to future changes in climate. This study presents results of a groundwater survey using stable isotopes, CFCs, SF₆, and ³H across different climatic zones (annual rainfall 400–2,000 mm/year) in West Africa. The purpose was to quantify the residence times of shallow groundwaters in sedimentary and basement aquifers, and investigate the relationship between groundwater resources and climate. Stable-isotope results indicate that most shallow groundwaters are recharged rapidly following rainfall, showing little evidence of evaporation prior to recharge. Chloride mass-balance results indicate that within the arid areas (<400 mm annual rainfall) there is recharge of up to 20 mm/year. Age tracers show that most groundwaters have mean residence times (MRTs) of 32–65 years, with comparable MRTs in the different climate zones. Similar MRTs measured in both the sedimentary and basement aquifers suggest similar hydraulic diffusivity and significant groundwater storage within the shallow basement. This suggests there is considerable resilience to short-term inter-annual variation in rainfall and recharge, and rural groundwater resources are likely to sustain diffuse, low volume abstraction.

In numerical modeling of groundwater flow, the result of a given solution method is affected by the way in which transient flow conditions and geologic heterogeneity are simulated. An algorithm is demonstrated that simulates breakthrough curves at a pumping well by convolution-based particle tracking in a transient flow field for several synthetic basin-scale aquifers. In comparison to grid-based (Eulerian) methods, the particle (Lagrangian) method is better able to capture multimodal breakthrough caused by changes in pumping at the well, although the particle method may be apparently nonlinear because of the discrete nature of particle arrival times. Trial-and-error choice of number of particles and release times can perhaps overcome the apparent nonlinearity. Heterogeneous aquifer properties tend to smooth the effects of transient pumping, making it difficult to separate their effects in parameter estimation. Porosity, a new parameter added for advective transport, can be accurately estimated using both grid-based and particle-based methods, but predictions can be highly uncertain, even in the simple, nonreactive case.