Extreme temperatures and persistent water stress stand out among the main factors that restrict the vegetative growth and productivity of Coffea canephora. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative growth of orthotropic and plagiotropic branches of C. canephora under non-irrigated and irrigated conditions, and their correlation with climatic factors in the Atlantic region of Bahia State, Brazil. The experiment was established with two treatments (non-irrigated and irrigated) in a completely random design with 14 replicates. One orthotropic and four plagiotropic branches were labelled on each plant. During the two-year experimental period, the growth of these branches was evaluated at 14-day intervals. Two harvests were performed to obtain productivity data. In summary, it was confirmed that irrigation resulted in an increased productivity of Conilon coffee in the Atlantic region of Bahia, Brazil. The growth rate of the orthotropic and plagiotropic branches was higher in irrigated plants. The growth rate of the plagiotropic branches was limited by the fruit load capacity. The growth rate of C. canephora branches was not limited by the minimum average air temperature in the Atlantic region of Bahia, Brazil. | Temperaturas extremas e o deficit hídrico prolongado destacam-se como os fatores limitantes ao crescimento vegetativo e à produtividade de Coffea canephora. O objetivo foi avaliar o crescimento vegetativo de ramos ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos de C. canephora em condições não irrigadas e irrigadas, e relacioná-lo com os fatores climáticos, na região Atlântica da Bahia. O experimento foi instalado com dois tratamentos (não irrigado e irrigado), no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 14 repetições. Marcou-se um ramo ortotrópico e quatro ramos plagiotrópicos em cada planta. O crescimento desses ramos foi avaliado em intervalos de 14 dias, durante dois anos. Foram realizadas duas colheitas para obtenção da produtividade. Em resumo, foi confirmado que a irrigação resultou em aumento de produtividade de café Conilon na região Atlântica da Bahia. A taxa de crescimento dos ramos ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos com carga pendente é superior nas plantas irrigadas. A taxa de crescimento de ramos plagiotrópicos é limitada pela carga pendente. A taxa de crescimento dos ramos de C. canephora não é limitada pela temperatura mínima média do ar predominante na região Atlântica da Bahia.

Heart of palm harvesting and exploitation has reduced the natural reserves of açaí and juçara; hence, the peach palm is an excellent option as source of heart of palm that can reduce the pressure on these two species. The peach palm has high tillering and no post-harvest oxidation. An experiment in a randomized block design with 72 progenies of peach palm, 36 replications and a single tree plot was performed for five years at the experimental field of Embrapa in the Western Amazon. Genetic parameters were estimated using two mixed models, one based on progeny means and the second on joint information from crops. A repeatability analysis, genotype selection, and progeny selection were performed; the Mulamba and Mock selection index was determined; and Tocher’s clustering method was applied. The repeatability analysis revealed the existence of genetic variability, low repeatability, which ranged from 0.3307 to 0.6698 for five years. The analysis performed through the progeny means showed a heritability that varied from 51% to 23% for in all variables; the clustering revealed two groups. The progeny selection should be the main selection strategy, and crosses of superior progenies of different groups should be emphasized. | A coleta de palmito via extrativismo vem reduzindo as reservas naturais de açaí e juçara, sendo o palmito de pupunha uma excelente opção para obtenção de palmito plantado, pois além de diminuir a pressão da exploração extrativista sobre essas duas espécies, possui alto grau de perfilhamento e não apresenta oxidação pós-colheita. Foram testadas 72 progênies de pupunheira, em cinco anos, no campo experimental da Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, em delineamento blocos casualizados com 36 repetições e uma planta por parcela. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados através de modelos mistos (REML/BLUP), foram também realizadas análises de repetibilidade, seleção de progênies, seleção de indivíduos por meio de BLUP individual, índice de seleção Mulamba-Rank e agrupamento de otimização de Tocher. As análises realizadas revelaram a existência de variabilidade genética, baixa repetibilidade, variando de 0,3307 até 0,6698 para cinco anos e herdabilidades variando de 51% a 23% para seleção de progênies nas variáveis analisadas, o agrupamento revelou dois grupos distintos. A seleção de progênies deve ser a principal estratégia de seleção e cruzamentos entre progênies superiores de grupos diferentes devem ser enfatizados.

The objective of this study was to model the kinetics of water sorption in roasted and ground coffee. Crude Arabica coffee beans with an initial moisture content of 0.1234 kgwkgdm-1 were used. These beans were roasted to a medium roast level (SCCA # 55) and ground at three particle sizes: coarse (1.19 mm), medium (0.84 mm) and fine (0.59 mm). To obtain the water sorption isotherms and the isosteric heat, different conditions of temperature and relative humidity were analyzed using the dynamic method at 25ºC (0.50, 0.60, 0.70, and 0.80 of RH) and 30°C (0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, and 0.80 of RH) and using the static method at 25ºC (0.332 and 0.438 of RH). The GAB model best represented the hygroscopic equilibrium of roasted coffee at every particle size. Isosteric heat of sorption for the fine particle size increased with increments of equilibrium moisture content, indicating a strong bond energy between water molecules and the product components. The Gibbs free energy decreased with the increase in equilibrium moisture content and with temperature. | Objetivou-se com este trabalho modelar a cinética de sorção de água pelo café torrado e moído. Foram utilizados grãos de café arábica com teor de água inicial de 0,1234 kg a kg ms-1 , torrados no ponto de torra médio (SCCA # 55), tendo sido estabelecido três níveis granulométricos: grossa (1,19 mm), média (0,84 mm) e fina (0,59 mm). Para a obtenção das isotermas de sorção da água e do calor isostérico, foram analisadas diferentes condições de temperatura e umidade relativa: usando o método dinâmico, 25oC (0,50; 0,60; 0,70 e 0,80 de UR) e 30°C (0,30; 0,40; 0,50; 0,60; 0,70 e 0,80 de UR); e o método estático, 25oC (0,332 e 0,438 de UR). Os dados de teor de água no equilíbrio foram correlacionados com modelos matemáticos. O modelo de GAB foi o que melhor representou o equilíbrio higroscópico para a sorção do café torrado nos diferentes níveis granulométricos. O calor isostérico de sorção na granulometria fina aumentou com a elevação do teor de água de equilíbrio indicando forte grau de ligação entre as moléculas de água e o produto. A energia livre de Gibbs diminuiu com o aumento do teor de água de equilíbrio e com a temperatura.

The aim of this work is the construction of a genetic map and identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control characteristics of the root system of rice. We evaluated a F 2:3 population composed of 150 families from the cross between the varieties IAC 165 × BRS Primavera. Genotyping was performed in the F 2 population using 3,742 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers. The evaluation of the root system in the F 3 population was performed through a large-scale phenotyping method based on image generation with a CI-600 root scanner and on quantification through the WinRhizo ® software. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications performed under greenhouse. The variables analyzed were root length, root surface area and root volume at the depths of 5 to 25 cm and 25 to 45 cm. The SNP markers analysis allowed the construction of the genetic map with a full length of 1424 cM. The linkage group with the largest coverage area was number 3 with 270 cM (100 SNPs), followed by linkage group 1 with 249 cM (170 SNPs) and linkage group 2 with 163 cM (99 SNPs). The genetic analysis allowed the detection of QTLs for all the characteristics. | Este trabalho objetivou a construção de um mapa genético e identificação de locos de características quantitativas (QTLs) que controlam características do sistema radicular do arroz. Foi avaliada uma população F 2:3 composta de 150 famílias a partir do cruzamento entre as variedades IAC 165 x BRS Primavera. A genotipagem foi realizada na população F 2 utilizando 3.742 marcadores SNP (Polimorfismo de um Único Nucleótido). A avaliação do sistema radicular nas populações F 3 foi realizada através de fenotipagem em larga escala baseada na geração de imagem com scanner raiz CI-600 e na quantificação através do software WinRhizo®. Foi realizado experimento em delineando blocos casualizados, em casa de vegetação com três repetições. Foram consideradas as variáveis comprimento, área de contato da raiz e volume nas profundidades de 5 a 25 cm e 25 a 45 cm. A análise dos marcadores SNP permitiu a construção de um mapa genético com comprimento total de 1424 cM. O grupo de ligação com maior área de cobertura foi o número 3 com 270 cM (100 SNPs), seguido pelo grupo de ligação 1, com 249 cM (170 SNP), e 2 com 163 cM (99 SNP). A análise genética permitiu a detecção de QTL para todas as características estudadas.

We evaluated the effects of split molybdenum (Mo) application at the reproductive stage of the common bean on seed Mo content (SMoC) and seed quality in two trials in the Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais. Plants were sprayed with 100 or 600 g Mo ha -1 at the V4 stage. The higher dose was also split into 100(V4)+500(R5), 100(V4)+500(R7), 100(V4)+250(R5)+250(R7), and 100(V4)+150(R5)+350(R7). SMoC from plants sprayed with 600 g (five treatments) was 3.7- or 62-fold higher than those sprayed with 100 g, with seeds from the former treatments exhibiting slightly poorer quality. Application of 100 g at V4 + 500 g at the reproductive stage (four treatments) increased SMoC 1.6- or 2.7-fold compared with SMoC from plants sprayed with 600 g at V4. Split application of 500 g with two sprays increased SMoC by 11% (p = 0.257) or 16% (p = 0.013) compared with one spray of 500 g. SMoC can be higher with Mo applied at R7 (pod formation) instead of at R5 (pre-flowering), without impairing seed quality. Thus, split Mo application between the R5 and R7 stages of the common bean saves molybdic fertilizer to produce Mo-rich seeds, with only a slight decrease in seed quality. | Avaliamos os efeitos de parcelamentos da aplicação de molibdênio (Mo) na fase reprodutiva do feijão-comum no conteúdo de Mo na semente (CMoS) e na sua qualidade fisiológica em dois ensaios na Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais. Pulverizaram-se feijoeiros com 100 ou 600 g Mo ha -1 na fase V4. Esta última dose também foi parcelada: 100(V4)+500(R5), 100(V4)+500(R7), 100(V4)+250(R5)+250(R7) e 100(V4)+150(R5)+350(R7). O CMoS de plantas pulverizadas com 600 g (cinco tratamentos) foi 3,7 ou 62 vezes maior que o das pulverizadas com 100 g; sementes deste tratamento apresentaram qualidade ligeiramente melhor que as daqueles. Aplicação de 100 g em V4 + 500 g na fase reprodutiva (quatro tratamentos) aumentou 1,6 ou 2,7 vezes o CMoS comparativamente ao CMoS de plantas adubadas com 600 g em V4. Parcelamento de 500 g em duas pulverizações aumentou em 11% (p = 0,257) ou 16% (p = 0,013) o CMoS comparativamente a uma pulverização. O CMoS pode ser mais alto quando se pulveriza o Mo em R7 (formação de vagens) comparativamente a R5 (pré-floração), sem prejuízo à qualidade da semente. Logo, o parcelamento do Mo nessas duas fases do feijão-comum economiza fertilizante molíbdico para produzir sementes ricas em Mo, com ligeira redução da qualidade da semente.

The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the physical properties of the soil and relief in areas that are susceptible to landslides in the sub-basin of the Córrego do Yung, a creek in the urban district Três Moinhos of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Depth measurements of the solum were made at the soil sampling points, and the subsurface material was collected and analyzed for the two factors of particle size and type of horizon. In the laboratory, we determined the hydraulic conductivity, bulk and particle density, and total porosity, macroporosity and microporosity. The values of the physical properties throughout the sub-basin were predicted and mapped. Thematic maps were generated and showed a relation to each other: the clay was related to a higher hydraulic conductivity, higher porosity and lower soil density. In the steeper areas, the greater silt contents were mapped in the deeper layers and indicated the thin thickness of horizon B in these areas. A close relation of the curvature with the soil thickness was detected and was greater in the flat areas with less slope. The geostatistical analysis showed that the range of values for the properties of macroporosity, microporosity and silt was the lowest in the deeper layers, indicating low structural continuity in potentially erodible areas. | Objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre os atributos físicos do solo e do relevo com as áreas suscetíveis ao deslizamento de terra na sub-bacia do Córrego do Yung, localizada no bairro Três Moinhos em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Foram locados os pontos de amostragem e procedeu-se às medições da profundidade do solum e coleta de material subsuperficial, observando-se dois fatores: granulometria e tipo de horizonte. Foram determinadas, em laboratório, a condutividade hidráulica, densidade do solo e de partículas, porosidade total, macroporosidade e microporosidade. Realizaram se as interpolações para predizer e mapear os valores dos atributos físicos em toda a sub-bacia hidrográfica. De acordo com os mapas temáticos, a textura argilosa relacionou-se à maior condutividade hidráulica, maior porosidade total e menor densidade do solo. Nas áreas mais íngremes, foram mapeados maiores teores de silte em profundidade, representando a pequena espessura do horizonte B. Verificou-se estreita relação da curvatura com a espessura do solo, sendo os mais profundos localizados em áreas planas e de menor declividade. Quanto às análises geoestatísticas, os valores de alcance para os atributos macroporosidade, microporosidade e silte em profundidade revelaram os menores valores encontrados, o que evidencia o conhecimento da baixa continuidade estrutural do solo em áreas potencialmente erodíveis.

This study aimed to evaluate the structural changes and reserve deposition of malagueta and biquinho pepper seeds and to determine their chemical composition during ontogeny. The fruits were collected 25, 40, 55, 70, 85, and 100 days after anthesis (DAA). After collection, the seeds were extracted and fixed in FAA 50 and then stored in 70% ethanol. Subsequently, the seeds were embedded in methacrylate (Historesin) and sectioned with a microtome. The sections were stained with Toluidine blue O for anatomical analysis and Xylidine Ponceau, Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Lugol’s iodine solution for histochemical analysis. Sections were made using a cryomicrotome for acid phloroglucinol staining and Sudan III tests. Progressive lignification of the seed coat cells was observed. Proteins and lipids were the main reserve compounds of malagueta and biquinho pepper seeds stored in the embryo and endosperm. Starch served as a transient reserve during embryo development. The lipid reserves were observed in embryo and endosperm cells from 25 until 100 DAA. At 100 DAA, the protein contents of the malagueta and biquinho pepper seeds were 0.33 and 0.62 g g-1 DM and the lipid contents were 0.30 and 0.25 g g-1 DM, respectively. | Objetivou-se acompanhar as alterações estruturais, a deposição de reservas e determinar a composição química de sementes de pimenta malagueta e biquinho durante a sua ontogênese. Frutos foram coletados aos 25, 40, 55, 70, 85 e 100 dias após a antese (DAA). Após a coleta, as sementes foram extraídas e fixadas em FAA 50 e, armazenadas em álcool 70%. Posteriormente, foram incluídas em Historesina Metacrilato e seccionadas em micrótomo. Os cortes foram submetidos à coloração com Azul de Toluidina, para análise anatômica e a análise histoquímica realizada com XylidinePonceau, Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) e Lugol. Para reação com Floroglucina Ácida e Sudam III, foram realizados cortes em criomicrótomo. Verificou-se que houve lignificação progressiva das células do tegumento. As proteínas e os lipídeos constituem os principais compostos de reserva das sementes de pimenta malagueta e biquinho, estocados no embrião e endosperma. O amido constitui uma fonte transitória de reserva para o desenvolvimento do embrião. As reservas lipídicas são observadas nas células do embrião e do endosperma dos 25 aos 100 DAA. Aos 100 DAA, as sementes de pimenta malagueta e biquinho apresentam concentração de proteínas de 0,33 e 0,62 g g -1 M.S. e lipídeos de 0,30 e 0,25 g g -1 M.S.respectivamente.

The genetic parameter estimates of the iron and zinc concentrations in Andean common bean seeds were obtained using the IAC Boreal × Light Red Kidney and Ouro Branco × Light Red Kidney crosses. The parents and the F1, F1 reciprocal, F2, F2 reciprocal, and backcross BC11 and BC12 generations were evaluated in a field experiment that was carried out in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The iron concentration in Andean common bean seeds ranged from 24.70 to 102.40 mg kg-1 dry matter (DM), the zinc concentration ranged from 10.73 to 37.50 mg kg-1 DM, and no significant maternal effect was observed. The narrow-sense heritability ranged from low (h2n= 19.04%) to high (h2n= 63.60%) for the concentrations of iron and zinc, respectively. Hybrid vigor and transgressive segregation were observed for the iron and zinc concentrations in Andean common bean seeds. In the hybrid combination IAC Boreal × Light Red Kidney, it was possible to select recombinants for the iron and zinc biofortification program. From the tested hybrid combinations, recombinants with low iron and zinc concentrations in seeds could be selected to use when the diet needs to be restricted in those minerals.

Mixed inheritance analysis using joint segregation analysis (JSA) for stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) resistance was carried out in six basic populations (P1, F1, P2, BC1, BC2 and F2) of four wheat crosses (Hashim-08 × LU-26, Farid-06 × Shafaq, Parula × Blue Silver, TD-1 × D-97603) during crop season 2009 to 2012. Genes controlling stripe rust resistance were assessed by using area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The AUDPC was controlled by mixed two additive-dominant-epistatic major genes plus additive-dominant-epistasis of polygenes in cross Hashim-08 × LU-26 (model E), while in Farid-06 × Shafaq, it was controlled by mixed two major additive-dominant genes plus additive-dominant polygenes (model E-2). In cross Parula × Blue Silver, the AUDPC was managed by additive, dominance and epistasis of two major genes (model B-1), however, it was controlled by mixed one major gene and additive dominant polygenes in cross TD-1 × D-97603 (model D-1). Genetic variation and heritability was higher in major genes than polygene for all the crosses showing that AUDPC was mainly controlled by major genes. The genetic behavior of the AUDPC revealed that stripe rust resistance was controlled by mixed interaction of one to two major genes plus polygenes.

Water deficiency during the dry seasons influences the relationship between water and gas exchange in tropical grasses, reducing their productive potential. In addition, the phosphorus (P) deficiency Brazilian soils adds to the set of factors limiting crop production. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of different tropical forage species to phosphorus supplementation as mitigating the damage caused by water stress. Seeds of Urochloa brizantha cv. MG-4, Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk, Panicum maximum cv. Áries, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia and Paspalum atratum cv. Pojuca were germinated in pots containing 10 liters of red-yellow podzolic type soil. Experiments were conducted by combining levels of phosphorus, 8,0 and 100,0 mg of P dm-3, with two irrigation regimes, 100% and 40% replacement of transpired water. The biometric parameters, photosynthetic capacity, leaf water potential and soil chemical characteristics were evaluated, and the data was submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA, p < 0.05), and subsequently the means were compared using a Tukey test (p < 0.05). The results showed for tropical grasses grown under water stress, there is a clear mitigating effect of phosphorus supplementation, especially on the maintenance of biomass growth.