Organic wastes are utilized in agriculture mainly for improving the soil physical and chemical properties and for nutrient sources for growing crops. The major source of organic waste used in agriculture is animal manure, but small amounts of food processing and other industrial wastes (along with municipal wastes) are also applied to land. In the last 35 years, and especially in the last 10 years, there have been increasing environmental regulations affecting farms that have resulted in more animal manure treatment options, and thus affecting characteristics of residues that are subsequently applied to land. Farms are being assessed for nutrient balances, with the entire nutrient and manure management system evaluated for best management alternatives. Because of inadequate available land on the animal farm in some cases, organic wastes must be treated and/or transported to other farms, or utilized for horticultural or other uses. This paper discusses the various factors and challenges for utilizing organic wastes in agriculture.

Source reduction and source separation are important ingredients for sustainable municipal solid waste management. They facilitate waste reduction and valorisation. However, waste managers find that it is challenging task to promote source reduction and source separation. The situation is even more difficult in developing countries and lack of environmental awareness and lack of public cooperation are frequently mentioned as main barriers. This thesis takes a different angle to investigate the issue. It looks into the management, not the people. Two cases in Bangkok, one at the city level and one at the school level, are studied with the focus on how source reduction and source separation was developed in relation with the waste management system in each case. Both the municipality, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, and the management of Roong Aroon School intended to incorporate source reduction and source separation in an attempt to make their waste management systems environmentally sound. Nevertheless, the results were very different. The study identifies the sequence of the system evolution as the main factor contributing to the difference. Other factors such as vision of the waste management, management support, public participation, target groups, etc. are also discussed. The thesis also stresses that the waste manager at the city level should put more emphasis on biodegradable fraction, not recyclable, in order to make action at sources beneficial to the municipal solid waste management system.

Yangon City in Myanmar needs proper environmental planning primarily on solid waste management in the face of rapid population increase and urbanization. The study focused on the analysis of the City's problems and issues of solid waste management and the ensuing formulation of a Strategic Solid Waste Management Plan. The current waste generation rate is 0.465 kg/capita/day in Yangon City with a bulk density of 250 kg/cu m. Kitchen wastes and garden trimmings constitute 65 percent of the total wastes while plastic, paper and cardboard 18 percent and the rest (17 percent) composed of glass, cans, textile, leather, and rubber. The existing solid waste management system in Yangon City is basically labor-intensive, the service area does not cover the entire city, and the final disposal sites are not sufficient for the volume of wastes. The quantity of daily wastes collected is about 671.5 tons out of the total generation of 1912 tons, or a collection rate of 35 percent. Financially, the cost incurred by Pollution Control and Cleansing Department (PCCD) in collecting and disposing of solid waste in 2003-2004 was Ks 4,932/ton (or US dollar 4.9) or about Ks 2.3/person/day (or US dollar 0.0023). The Strategic Solid Waste Management Plan has been developed following the concepts of basic planning hierarchy and participatory planning. The strategies are envisioned for 20 years (2006-2026) covering: 1) public awareness and education, 2) waste minimization, 3) waste collection and transportation, 4) waste treatment and disposal and 5) cost recovery and financial sustainability. The Action Plan, which includes the Implementation Plan, Organizational Plan and Investment Plan is formulated for the first five years of the planning period (2006-2011). The implementation plan defines specific actions and activities to be undertaken for all the strategies identified. To fully operationalize the strategic plan, the organizational restructuring of PCCD has been proposed. The investment plan requires Ks 13,000 million (US dollar 13 million) for the implementation of the initial five years of the Action Plan. The study recommends that the strategic plan be supported with enabling policies and legislations as well as sufficient budgetary allocation for effective and successful implementation.

This report looks at the implementation and financing of solid waste management in the Philippines. It assesses how much it costs forty-one local government units (LGUs) around the country to provide solid waste management services. It also looks at how much revenue these LGUs, and other private waste contractors and operatives, get from supplying these services. The research was carried out in response to a growing solid waste management crisis in the Philippines and legislation that requires LGUs to change their practices. Its main aim was to get information to help LGUs properly finance and implement the government’s latest waste management policies and law. The report finds that there is generally a substantial “fiscal gap” between the amount of money needed for waste management and the amount of revenue obtained by LGUs from providing waste management services. However, when the total economic benefits of providing these services were considered (these included the revenues obtained by LGUs, earnings made by other parties and savings from avoided landfill costs), it was found that some LGUs enjoyed positive net benefits. If LGUs could exploit as many potential revenue streams as possible, they could narrow their SWM fiscal gap or even go ‘into the black’. The study highlights a number of possible strategies that could be used to improve the financing of solid waste management. These included finding alternatives to expensive private contractors and looking into recycling as a revenue-generating activity.

The waste management requires the development of economic and financial tools to help the decision makers to make their processes choices, to assess their system of waste management and to finance their service with PAYT system. In this context, the communities are asking for: - economic tools for helping the choice of the valorisation processes, - performance indicators of the service and references to benchmark their waste management, - analysis approach of the full cost of service supply, - tools to simulate the evolution of the balance budget at the time of the implementation of the PAYT system to finance the service.

El manejo inadecuado de los residuos sólidos puede producir daños considerables en el medio ambiente y puede afectar adversamente la reputación y la imagen de la empresa. Todas las etapas que encierra la gestión integral de residuos (manipulación, transporte, almacenamiento, tratamiento y disposición final) se producen en cada una de las etapas (explotación, perforación, producción, construcción de instalaciones, montajes, etc.) comprende todas las fases hasta su disposición final de los residuos cubre la identificación, separación y registro de la calidad, composición y/o naturaleza y el destino de los residuos peligrosos, industriales y domésticos e incluye la minimización de residuos, medidas para su recuperación, tratamiento y disposición. La gestión de los residuos sólidos comprende la suma de todas las medidas para prevención y reducción, así como la disposición ordenada y ecológicamente compatible de residuos sólidos de todo tipo, es decir, tanto de residuos urbanos peligrosos como industriales. Con lo anterior se determinan las oportunidades que permitirán mejorar y asegurar un manejo adecuado de los residuos que se generan en la compañía y con esto brindar condiciones de vida más favorables para los empleados. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado | Improper solid waste management can cause considerable damage to the environment and can adversely affect the company's reputation and image. All the stages involved in integrated waste management (handling, transportation, storage, treatment and final disposal) occur at each stage (exploitation, drilling, production, construction of facilities, assemblies, etc.), including all phases up to the final disposal of the waste, covering the identification, separation and recording of the quality, composition and/or nature and destination of hazardous, industrial and domestic waste, and including waste minimization, measures for its recovery, treatment and disposal. Solid waste management comprises the sum of all measures for prevention and reduction, as well as the orderly and ecologically compatible disposal of solid waste of all types, i.e., both hazardous and industrial urban waste. This will allow us to identify opportunities to improve and ensure proper management of the waste generated in the company and thus provide more favorable living conditions for our employees.

The paper present mathematical model of waste management improvements. The goal of this model is to decrease transport price (which is up to 70 percent of all costs). For solving the model linear programming has been chosen. Model has been tested in region Gryfino (Poland). The solution indicated helpfulness of improvements methods in waste management

LCA is used to analyse and evaluate the environmental impact associated with the process of greenhouse cultivation of a tomato crop. Tomato production in kg is selected as a functional unit. Three different tomato production processes were compared: soil cultivation and open and closed hydroponic systems. Three different waste management scenarios were also analysed. The most significant negative environmental impacts were identified, enabling the application of the most suitable technology in order to mitigate their effects. The main negative impact of greenhouse tomato production derives from the waste of biomass and plastics, therefore suitable waste management is the best practicable environmental option to reduce this. The composting of biodegradable matter is the best way of managing this kind of waste. Improving the material composition of structures and auxiliary materials is also advised. Lastly, more rational management criteria for the supply of nutrients to the crop will have to be found.

In North area of Yagi Town, Kyoto prefecture, there is a livestock waste management system, named 'the Yagi Bioecology Center', which utilize the wastes (feces and urine) from livestock for producing compost and liquid manure and generating electricity from methane gas. The objective of this study was to investigate the impression of residents in Yagi Town on the Center and identify the factors influencing the impression. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to junior high school students' parents and members in the self-government association in the North area of Yagi Town. Available questionnaires were obtained from 74 male and 173 female respondents. Five principle components (indexes) were extracted from three groups of questions using principle component analysis; the total evaluation index for the Center from the first, question group, the evaluation index for organic agricultural products from the second question group, and the total consciousness index for environmental activities and indexes for disposal segregation and recycling activities from the third question group. The total evaluation index for the Center was taken as the dependent variable in this study. The effects of factors on the index were examined by least squares analysis of variance using three levels of models. The results showed that effects of occupation and the degree of attachment to Yagi Town and an interaction effect between the place of residence and the degree of attachment to Yagi Town were important sources of variance. The residents who deeply attach to Yagi Town tended to place the higher value on the Center and the tendency was strong for the residents who live in the North area where the Center is located. Furthermore, the residents who better know the function of the Center tended to highly evaluate the Center.