The present study was conducted to investigate heavy metal (Cd, Pb & Zn) contaminants in water, sediments and fish of the Mae Kuang River, Northern Thailand during July, 2008-June, 2009. It was found that the worst water qualities in dry seasons were caused by low water flow, municipal effluents and industrial discharges. The surface water in the river was classified into class 3-4 referring to medium-fairly clean water used for consumption after special water treatment. Pb and Cd in water were below detection limits, while Zn concentrations in water ranged 0.01-0.11 mg L-1. The Pb, Cd and Zn concentrations in sediment were 3.13-27.56, less than 0.02-0.43 and 3.42-10.32 mg per kg, respectively. No Cd and Pb residues were found in Henicorhynchus siamensis and Puntioplites proctozysron flesh, while the concentrations of Zn in these fish were 4.57-6.58 mg per kg. On the other hand, Pb and Cd residues in snakehead fish (Channa striata) were less than 0.05-2.13 and less than

Waste management is regulated by a set of laws and other regulations of which a few were enacted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, i.e. the federation of Serbia and Montenegro, and most by the Republic of Serbia. The new legal framework for waste management was established, inter alia, by the enforcement of a set of laws in the field of environmental protection (2004), including new laws which regulate waste i.e. packaging and packaging waste, management (2009). These laws provide conditions for establishment and development of integral waste management, i.e. packaging and packaging waste management.

Municipal waste management system – a complex, dynamic system, characterized by large volumes of waste generated, waste biodiversity and different system participants. The paper presents results of municipal waste management structural analysis. These are the characteristics of waste management cycle of five phases (waste generation, sorting at source, collection and transportation, use and disposal), participants (waste holders, managers, governance institutions and groups of interest), their mutual relations and communications with the various components of the environment. The results are treated as a background for the systematic decisions in municipal waste management, based on multicriteria evaluation methods.

Methodological approach in Waste Management Planning is based on the methodological guidelines contained in: Law on Environmental Protection (Official Gazette of the RS No 134/05) Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette of the RS No36/09), Waste Management Strategy in the Republic of Serbia with the EU convergence program (2003), EU guidelines: Preparing a Waste Management Plan – A methodological guidance note, European Topic Center on Waste and Material flows, European Commission, DG Environment, May 2003, EU Framework Directive on waste, and other EU directives dealing with this problem. The overall planning process for integrated waste management system is usually divide in several phases namely: Preliminary phase, Implementation, Public Participation and Information. This paper deals with short review of the realization of Waste Management Plan phases.

The climate change policy is one of the key factors in the achievement of sustainable development in the Republic of Croatia. Control and mitigation of green house gases is correlated with all economy activities. Waste management is one of the main tasks of environmental protection in Croatia. The Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Croatia and the Waste Management Plan in the Republic of Croatia define the concept of waste management hierarchy and direct and indirect measures as criteria for sustainable waste management establishment. The main constituent of this system is avoiding and minimizing waste, as well as increasing the recycling and recovery level of waste and land fill gas, which also represent green house gases mitigation measures. The Waste Management Plan consists of several direct and indirect measures for green house gases emission reduction and their implementation also affects the green house gases emissions. The contribution of the methane emission from land fills amounts to about 2% of the total green house gases emissions in Croatia. The climate change control and mitigation measures as an integral part of waste management sector strategies represent the measures of achieving the national objectives to wards green house gases emission reduction which Croatia has accepted in the frame work of the Kyoto Protocol.

The problem of E-waste has forced Environmental agencies of many countries to innovate, develop and adopt environmentally sound options and strategies for E-waste management, with a view to mitigate and control the ever growing threat of E-waste to the environment and human health. E-waste management is given the top priority in many developed countries, but in rapid developing countries like India, it is difficult to completely adopt or replicate the E-waste management system in developed countries due to many country specific issues viz. socio-economic conditions, lack of infrastructure, absence of appropriate legislations for E-waste, approach and commitments of the concerned, etc. This paper presents a review and assessment of the E-waste management system of developed as well as developing countries with a special emphasis on Switzerland, which is the first country in the world to have established and implemented a formal E-waste management system and has recycled 11kg/capita of WEEE against the target of 4kg/capita set by EU. And based on the discussions of various approaches, laws, legislations, practices of different countries, a road map for the development of sustainable and effective E-waste management system in India for ensuring environment, as well as, occupational safety and health, is proposed.

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Setting priorities in the field of waste management represent crucial step for setting basis for developing sustainable waste management systems. MFA – Material Flow Analysis represent a useful tool for getting necessary information about exciting anthropogenic systems, their shortcomings and setting priorities in systems developing, as well as the information about impact of technology implementation on exciting waste management systems, providing evaluation and comparing different options. This work reveals basis of the MFA methodology, possibilities of its implementation on different anthropogenic system with focus on waste management, and with emphasis of generated results and their utilization on delivering new decisions.

A SMS/GSM based information system for scheduling, routing and management of municipal solid waste is developed to integrates data processing, geospatiai information and GSM connection system for managing garbage transportation and public transportation of solid waste. It shows that some feature services of the system including activities in det'!TIY1ining waste collection intermediate 2rea (WelA) vchicle position. routing for solid waste transport and managing message (as SMS) to fetch domestic waste. Main features are used by user interfaces and conunurucator for operating and reporting .. Keywords: GSM, SMS. municipal solid waste, transportation scheduling, routing and management

Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2010. | An environmental challenge that is currently plaguing the South African townships in the Metropolitan Area is the volume of solid waste being illegally disposed in open spaces along road verges as well as in streams. The research aims to identify the root cause of illegal dumping in the township of Clermont, Kwa-Zulu Natal. The researcher used quantitative, qualitative and observation methodologies to collect data from member’s of the community of Clermont. The severity of the problem will be measured by looking at different age groups; level of income per household as well as gender. In general waste management and environmental management has received little attention compared to other socio-economic problems like un-employment. As the bulk of the world’s population move from rural areas to urban areas, poverty is becoming an increasingly urban phenomenon. Environmental problems range from impairment of human health, economic and other welfare and extinction of the ecosystem. The urban poor bear the greatest burden of urban environmental risks. The most significant environmental challenge in South Africa is effectively management of waste. Currently the focus in South Africa has been on waste disposal rather than on waste prevention. Consequently there are no incentives for reducing waste and industries are not required to submit plans for waste management when commencing a new business. Waste management legislation is fragmented; as a result there is a lack of control in waste management. This research will investigate whether community members are aware of what is expected from them by the municipality and private waste collection companies. It will further analyse at the norm of waste disposal within the developing countries compared to developed countries. The study will attempt to provide practical solutions for the township of Clermont. The study has five chapters. The first chapter introduce the problem, objectives and hypothesis. The second chapter deals with the theoretical review to help the reader understand different cases and how waste management handled in different parts of the world. This has been done by looking at the international, national and local level, comparing waste management trends. The third chapter describe the study area in detail and different scientific methodologies researcher used to prove or disprove the hypothesis and objectives that were set in the first chapter. Chapter four analyses all the data that was collected from the community of Clermont and unpack other underlying factors that lead to poor waste management in this township. For example the researcher will conclude using the data collected if the frequency of waste collection is sufficient for the community and what can be done to minimize illegal dumping. Chapter five, which is the last chapter of this dissertation will suggest recommendations that can be used to correct all problems that associated with illegal dumping in Clermont Township.