Every year, the average citizen of a developed country produces about half a tonne of waste, thus waste management is an essential industry. Old waste management systems based on the collection of mixed/sorted waste and transporting it a long way to disposal sites has a significant negative impact on the environment and humans. This paper will review the available waste management systems for households. Biological methods (such as composting or anaerobic digestion) and physicochemical methods (such as burning or pyrolysis) of waste utilization will be considered from the householder’s point of view. The most important features of each system will be discussed and compared. Municipal waste management systems for domestic use could eliminate or significantly reduce the stage of waste collection and transportation. Additionally, they should not require special infrastructure and at the same time should allow garbage to be changed into safe products or energy sources with no harmful emissions. The aim of the work is to identify the best available waste disposal systems for domestic use.

M-IES | Within the scope of the study, the current situation and management practices regarding healthcare waste such as waste generation, segregation, on-site and off side collection and transportation, storage, and disposal were examined. Moreover, this study analysed the implementation status of hospital waste management (HWM) rules 2005 in both public and private hospitals also discussed the overall causes of malpractices of waste management as well as factors contributing to better healthcare waste management particularly in the private hospitals of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Qualitative research method was used for this study. In total, forty-four interviews were conducted in selected public and private hospitals equally, of which thirty-seven were semi-structured interviews and remaining seven were informal interviews. The study found the improper applications, inconsistencies, and deficiencies in the whole system of the waste management. The limited knowledge of hospital waste management rules 2005 particularly among nurses, paramedics, waste handling staff and administration in public hospitals was a serious concern. Lack of proper and simple monitoring and supervision system has further exacerbated the situation. Similarly, the limited scope and complicated nature of the regulations in hospital waste management rules 2005 makes the compliance challenging. Based on the evaluation of hospital waste management (HWM) rules 2005 and comparison of the current practices in both public and private sectors, changes and amendments in the healthcare waste management legislation and the reasons for the gaps between the public and private sectors were identified. These include the revision of legislation section No.4 to section No.14 and similarly section No.23 and section No.24 to make the rules practically implementable in both public and private sectors. The findings should be a good basis for making improvements in the management of healthcare waste in Peshawar as well as in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

This paper proposes a novel algorithm for establishing a standard methodology to manage and refurbish e-waste called E-waste Management And Refurbishment Prediction (EMARP), which can be adapted by refurbishing industries in order to improve their performance. Waste management, particularly, e-waste management is a serious issue nowadays. Computerization has been into waste management in different ways. Much of the computerization has happened in planning the waste collection, recycling and disposal process and also managing documents and reports related to waste management. This paper proposes a computerized model to make predictions for e-waste refurbishment. All possibilities for reusing the common components among the collected e-waste samples are predicted, thus minimizing the wastage. Simulation of the model has been done to analyse the accuracy in the predictions made by the system. The model can be scaled to accommodate the real-world scenario.

Improper waste management happened in most of the developing country where inadequate disposal of waste in landfill is commonly practiced. Apart from disposal, MSW can turn into valuable product through recycling, energy recovery, and biological recovery action as suggested in the hierarchy of waste management. This study presents a method known as Waste Management Pinch Analysis (WAMPA) to examine the implication of a dual-objective – landfill and GHG emission reduction target in sustainable waste management. WAMPA is capable to identify the capacity of each waste processing strategy through graphical representation. A general methodology of WAMPA is presented through a demonstration of a SWM case followed by a detailed representation of WAMPA for five waste types. Application of the WAMPA is then applied on a case study for sustainable waste management planning from year 2015 to 2035. Three waste management strategies are incorporated into the case study – landfill, Waste-to-Energy (WtE), and reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R). The results show a 13.5% of total GHG emission reduction and 54.6% of total reduction of landfill are achieved. The major contributor of GHG emission which are from food waste (landfill emission) and plastic (WtE emission) is reduced.

The plastic-derived product, nowadays, becomes an indispensable commodity for different purposes. A huge amount of used plastic causes environmental hazards that turn in danger for marine life, reduces the fertility of soil, and contamination of ground water. Management of this enormous plastic waste is challenging in particular for developing countries like Bangladesh. Lack of facilities, infrastructure development, and insufficient budget for waste management are some of the prime causes of improper plastic management in Bangladesh. In this study, the route of plastic waste production and current plastic waste management system in Bangladesh have been reviewed extensively. It emerges that no technical and improved methods are adapted in the plastic management system. A set of the sustainable plastic management system has been proposed along with the challenges that would emerge during the implementation these strategies. Successful execution of the proposed systems would enhance the quality of plastic waste management in Bangladesh and offers enormous energy from waste.

M-IES | Household waste management is both an urban or rural problem. Everyone is a potential generator of this waste and also a contributor of this problem. Due to urbanization and increasing population of Lahore Pakistan, the management of household waste has become major challenge for the Government of Lahore. Improper services for handling waste and the lack of awareness among people about the hazardous effect of this waste make the problem even worse. Mass media plays a vital role for the awareness of household waste management among individuals. Probably, the more informed the individual is about hazardous effect of unsorted waste, more active he/she is to manage the waste properly and to follow the policies made for the protection of environment. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the role of mass media in public awareness about household waste management in Lahore, Pakistan. The main focus was to investigate the understanding and awareness of individuals of two different areas (Shahdara and DHA) about household waste management. A theoretical framework was developed focusing on agenda setting theory and knowledge gap theory to understand the media role on the awareness of household waste management and how the participants of both areas perceive mass media information and how that information effects the attitudes and practices of people belonging to two different socio-economic statuses.The study used qualitative research methodology through which in depth interviews were conducted with the participants of two areas and also with the journalists by using mix criterion or convenience sampling approach.The findings of the research demonstrated that overall reporting about household waste management is not proper in Pakistan. Only few environmental journalists in the country are assigned the task of reporting household waste management issue that too only on special occasions. In addition, if the information about household waste management is selected for publication and broadcasting, it got very little space and attention due to the organizational agenda. It was also observed that the awareness level of participants from two areas was mostly dependent on their economic conditions and educational level and the services which they have. | submittedVersion

As much as one-third of the food intentionally grown for human consumption is never consumed and is therefore wasted, with significant environmental, social and economic ramifications. An increasing number of publications in this area currently consider different aspects of this critical issue, and generally focus on proactive approaches to reduce food waste, or reactive solutions for more efficient waste management. In this context, this paper takes a holistic approach with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the different types of food waste, and using this knowledge to support informed decisions for more sustainable management of food waste. With this aim, existing food waste categorizations are reviewed and their usefulness are analysed. A systematic methodology to identify types of food waste through a nine-stage categorization is used in conjunction with a version of the waste hierarchy applied to food products. For each type of food waste characterized, a set of waste management alternatives are suggested in order to minimize environmental impacts and maximize social and economic benefits. This decision-support process is demonstrated for two case studies from the UK food manufacturing sector. As a result, types of food waste which could be managed in a more sustainable manner are identified and recommendations are given. The applicability of the categorisation process for industrial food waste management is discussed.