The ‘study’ constitutes the totality of the work and includes multiple components, including national overviews of agricultural pollution for the three focus countries, thematic working papers, and an overall synthesis report. The present report corresponds to the national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, and specifically, to the summary of three background papers on crops, livestock, and fishery systems respectively. The overview covers water, soil, and air pollution directly associated with activities and decisions made at the farm level or its equivalent (that is, vessel level or pond level in the case of fisheries). It especially looks at: (a) the use of fertilizers; (b) the use of pesticides; (c) another cropland management practices (including the use of plastics, the introduction of invasive species, irrigation and land preparation practices); (d) the burning of agricultural residues; (e) animal waste management (land and aquatic species); and (f) the use of feed supplements, including antibiotics, hormones, and heavy metals in animal agriculture (land and aquatic). Environmental impacts relating to land-use change are beyond the scope of the review.

The ‘study’ constitutes the totality of the work and includes multiple components, including national overviews of agricultural pollution for the three focus countries, thematic working papers, and an overall synthesis report. The present report corresponds to the national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, and specifically, to the summary of three background papers on crops, livestock, and fishery systems respectively. The overview covers water, soil, and air pollution directly associated with activities and decisions made at the farm level or its equivalent (that is, vessel level or pond level in the case of fisheries). It especially looks at: (a) the use of fertilizers; (b) the use of pesticides; (c) another cropland management practices (including the use of plastics, the introduction of invasive species, irrigation and land preparation practices); (d) the burning of agricultural residues; (e) animal waste management (land and aquatic species); and (f) the use of feed supplements, including antibiotics, hormones, and heavy metals in animal agriculture (land and aquatic). Environmental impacts relating to land-use change are beyond the scope of the review.

This report is part of a national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, commissioned by the World Bank. The overview consists of three ‘chapters’ on the crops, livestock, and fisheries sub-sectors, and a summary report. This ‘chapter’ provides a broad national overview of: (a) the magnitude, impacts, and drivers of pollution related to the livestock sector’s development; (b) measures that have been taken by the public sector to manage or mitigate this pollution; and (c) existing knowledge gaps and directions for future research. This report was prepared based on existing literature, recent analyses, national and international statistics, and interviews. It did not involve new primary research and did not attempt to cover pollution issues that arise in the broader livestock value chain, outside the farmgate, for instance from slaughterhouses, feed processing plants, or veterinary drug factories.

This report is part of a national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, commissioned by the World Bank. The overview consists of three ‘chapters’ on the crops, livestock, and fisheries sub-sectors, and a summary report. This ‘chapter’ provides a broad national overview of: (a) the magnitude, impacts, and drivers of pollution related to the fisheries sector’s development with a focus on aquaculture; (b) measures that have been taken by the public sector to manage or mitigate this pollution; and (c) existing knowledge gaps and directions for future research. This report was prepared on the basis of existing literature, recent analyses, and national and international statistics, as well as extensive interviews. It did not involve new primary research and did not attempt to cover pollution issues that arise in the broader aquaculture value chain, relating for instance to processing, packaging and transportation, feed processing, or veterinary drug factories.

This report is part of a national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, commissioned by the World Bank. The overview consists of three ‘chapters’ on the crops, livestock, and fisheries sub-sectors, and a summary report. This ‘chapter’ provides a broad national overview of: (a) the magnitude, impacts, and drivers of pollution related to the fisheries sector’s development with a focus on aquaculture; (b) measures that have been taken by the public sector to manage or mitigate this pollution; and (c) existing knowledge gaps and directions for future research. This report was prepared on the basis of existing literature, recent analyses, and national and international statistics, as well as extensive interviews. It did not involve new primary research and did not attempt to cover pollution issues that arise in the broader aquaculture value chain, relating for instance to processing, packaging and transportation, feed processing, or veterinary drug factories.

This report is part of a national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, commissioned by the World Bank. The overview consists of three ‘chapters’ on the crops, livestock, and fisheries sub-sectors, and a summary report. This ‘chapter’ provides a broad national overview of: (a) the magnitude, impacts, and drivers of pollution related to the livestock sector’s development; (b) measures that have been taken by the public sector to manage or mitigate this pollution; and (c) existing knowledge gaps and directions for future research. This report was prepared based on existing literature, recent analyses, national and international statistics, and interviews. It did not involve new primary research and did not attempt to cover pollution issues that arise in the broader livestock value chain, outside the farmgate, for instance from slaughterhouses, feed processing plants, or veterinary drug factories.

The Philippine archipelago emerged because of the dynamic shifting and collision of four plates: Continental Eurasian plate, Indian-Australian plate, Oceanic Pacific plate, and the Philippine Sea plate. In the past 100 million years, the archipelago was welded together in an island arc punctuated by episodic and extensive magmatic activities. The country’s topographic landscape consists of towering mountains with steep slopes, undulating hilly upland areas, and flat lands. The rich volcanic soils, varied topography, seasonality of monsoon rains, abundant rainfall, and warm temperature enabled the suitability of land for planting various crops in the different islands. Being the staple food, both upland and irrigated rice is widely grown in various provinces all over the country. Yellow corn is largely grown in Isabela and Cagayan in Luzon; and in Bukidnon, North Cotabato and South Cotabato in Mindanao. The major growing areas for white corn are Mindanao and Visayas. Large plantations of banana, pineapple, coffee, rubber, and palm oil are located in Mindanao while large plantations of coconut are found in Quezon and Zamboanga. On the other hand, mango plantations are located in Pangasinan while tobacco is largely grown in the Ilocos Region and Isabela. Large areas are planted with sugarcane in Negros Occidental and Bukidnon. Temperate vegetables are grown largely in the cool high elevation areas of the Benguet Province while tropical vegetables are grown in the expansive areas in Pangasinan, Isabela, and Nueva Ecija in Luzon and in the Visayas Region. This report is part of a national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, commissioned by the World Bank. The overview consists of three ‘chapters’ on the crops, livestock, and fisheries sub-sectors, and a summary report. This ‘chapter’ provides a broad national overview of: (a) the magnitude, impacts, and drivers of pollution related to the crops sector’s development; (b) measures that have been taken by the public sector to manage or mitigate this pollution; and (c) existing knowledge gaps and directions for future research.

The Philippine archipelago emerged because of the dynamic shifting and collision of four plates: Continental Eurasian plate, Indian-Australian plate, Oceanic Pacific plate, and the Philippine Sea plate. In the past 100 million years, the archipelago was welded together in an island arc punctuated by episodic and extensive magmatic activities. The country’s topographic landscape consists of towering mountains with steep slopes, undulating hilly upland areas, and flat lands. The rich volcanic soils, varied topography, seasonality of monsoon rains, abundant rainfall, and warm temperature enabled the suitability of land for planting various crops in the different islands. Being the staple food, both upland and irrigated rice is widely grown in various provinces all over the country. Yellow corn is largely grown in Isabela and Cagayan in Luzon; and in Bukidnon, North Cotabato and South Cotabato in Mindanao. The major growing areas for white corn are Mindanao and Visayas. Large plantations of banana, pineapple, coffee, rubber, and palm oil are located in Mindanao while large plantations of coconut are found in Quezon and Zamboanga. On the other hand, mango plantations are located in Pangasinan while tobacco is largely grown in the Ilocos Region and Isabela. Large areas are planted with sugarcane in Negros Occidental and Bukidnon. Temperate vegetables are grown largely in the cool high elevation areas of the Benguet Province while tropical vegetables are grown in the expansive areas in Pangasinan, Isabela, and Nueva Ecija in Luzon and in the Visayas Region. This report is part of a national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, commissioned by the World Bank. The overview consists of three ‘chapters’ on the crops, livestock, and fisheries sub-sectors, and a summary report. This ‘chapter’ provides a broad national overview of: (a) the magnitude, impacts, and drivers of pollution related to the crops sector’s development; (b) measures that have been taken by the public sector to manage or mitigate this pollution; and (c) existing knowledge gaps and directions for future research.

This report is part of a national overview of agricultural pollution in the Philippines, commissioned by the World Bank. The overview consists of three ‘chapters’ on the crops, livestock, and fisheries sub-sectors, and a summary report. This ‘chapter’ provides a broad national overview of: (a) the magnitude, impacts, and drivers of pollution related to the livestock sector’s development; (b) measures that have been taken by the public sector to manage or mitigate this pollution; and (c) existing knowledge gaps and directions for future research. This report was prepared based on existing literature, recent analyses, national and international statistics, and interviews. It did not involve new primary research and did not attempt to cover pollution issues that arise in the broader livestock value chain, outside the farmgate, for instance from slaughterhouses, feed processing plants, or veterinary drug factories.