An authoritative paper details and discusses the obstacles and misconceptions that have hindered attempts to quantify the nutritional impact of food aid projects. Attention is given to the difficulties in evaluating poorly conceived and designed projects; implementation constraints; the importance of not assessing the wrong type of impact; and the selection of correct evaluation indicators and their use in accurate evaluations. Based on the identified evaluation obstacles and misconceptions, recommendations for future evaluation activities for food aid projects are presented and discussed. (wz)

Monitoring of incorporation of 14 C glycine into some rats' tissues previously consuming food based on glucose, lactose, saccharose and starch in time intervals of 1 and 3 hours after the application of marked amino acid produced indicators with considerably differentiated incorporation of 14 C. Activity levels of the investigated tissues were considerably different and clearly pointed to varied exploitation of the intaken 14 C in rats' tissues having variable carbohydrate component of food. Liver and small intestine were differentiated by the degree of incorporation in the 1st and 3rd hour through different groups. The least incorporation of 14 C in all tissues was found in the group fed by starch and the greatest in the one fed by glucose and saccharose.

Abstract: Information on how to adapt to broad cultural changes in order to accomplish personal and organizational goals is presented. To benefit from change, a thorough and objective description of the environment based on social, political, economic and technological conditions is necessary. Thirty chapters grouped into 6 sections detail the development of the American society in terms of social changes that have occurred in the past and probable trends for the future. The first 2 sections examine understanding and responding to the dynamics of societal change. Section 3discusses personnel management issues, including changing attributes of employees and the workplace. Section 4 discusses several new approaches in business management thatconflict with traditional practices, regarding economic indicators, business growth, success, and productivity. Sections 5 and 6 look at the most critical factors influencing management success in the future; and supermanaging for organizational and personal success. Resources and an index are included. (kbc).

Varietal selection was evaluated using 14 cultivars which had been known to differ in yield. The seven entries for each set were laid out using the ranking-7 honeycomb design and replicated plot design. In the former, all plants were equidistant (1.0 m apart) and formed hexagonal cells. Each plant occupied 0.87 m2. In the second design, single row plots were laid out using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Row and hill spacings were 1.0 and 0.5 m, respectively. Entries were ranked based on means and percent selected plants for the honeycomb design. In the first set, rank of entries differed slightly in the two designs. However, the best and poorest indicators were similar in both designs. In the second set, ranks differed greatly and seemed to suggest the presence of competition within plots in replicated trial

Based on long-term studies in current velocities variability the average values of turbulent energy and coefficients of horizontal pulse exchange in the Black Sea upper layer are estimated. The estimates permitted spatial distribution of these parameters to be studied. The Black Sea survey based on a half-degree grid of 100 stations has revealed spatial distribution of oil-oxidizing microorganisms, which are indicators of oil pollution, and depths of eight-degree isotherm occurrence which permitted tide effects in the sea littoral zone to be estimated. It is found that the quantity of bacterioplankton in the sea surface layer is inversely proportional to the intensity of horizontal exchange. A functional dependence of these parameters is obtained for the sea littoral regions. The role of tide effects in distribution of the microorganisms number with the increase in the distance from the coastal line is shown. It is established that mesoscale distribution of oil-oxidizing bacterioplankton in the sea is more probably determined by water mixing due to circulation, tide phenomena, periodic variations of currents and turbulence. | На основании многолетних исследований изменчивости скоростей течений оценены средние значения турбулентной энергии и коэффициенты горизонтального обмена импульсом в верхнем слое Черного моря, что позволило изучить пространственное распределение этих параметров. Съемка Черного моря на полуградусной сетке из 100 станций выявила, что мезомасштабное распределение нефтеокисляющего бактериопланктона в море определяется. перемешиванием вод, обусловленным циркуляцией, сгонно-нагонными явлениями, а также. периодическими колебаниями течений и турбулентностью.

Extract: A community-based study to assess criteria for measurement of obesity was conducted on 1026 individuals aged 15-65 years residing in an urban area of South Delhi and selected by systematic random sampling. Data on height, weight, triceps and biceps skinfold were collected by standard techniques. Triceps skinfold thickness, Quetelets Index or Body Mass Index, weight/height, relative body weight and per cent body fat were compared as indicators of obesity. The triceps skinfold thickness gave significantly lower rates wheras the per cent body fat gave high prevalence rates for obesity, when compared with relative body weight (above 120% Metropolitan Life Insurance Standards). There was no significant difference in prevalence rates for obesity given by Quetelets Index and relative body weight. Relative body weight was taken as indicative of true obesity in the population, and the other criteria were compared with it. Body Mass Index had high sensitivity, specificity and predictive value in detecting obese subjects in the population. As Quetelets Index can be easily calculated and no reference tables are required, use of this index is suggested for community surveys. (Author)

The production of tobacco in the economical insufficiently developed region around the middle course of the Sava (SFRY) was investigated. Thanks to good ecological conditions, agrarian overpopulation and the tradition of a part of agricultural population, usability for the production of tobacco was created. The holder of the production is a basic organization of associated labour from Orasje, which is part of the work organization Tobacka tvornica Ljubljana. This basic organization of associated labour carries a permanent cooperation with private tobacco producers. Standardization of the private farms, regarding the natural, technological, technical (mechanization) and economic conditions was made in this analysis and basic indicators of economy for each type of farms were analysed. An organizational and economic model of the future development of the production and coopertation of the basic organization of associated labour and private farms was made. The relationships within the model are based on the market principle. The description of each modification of the model contains the following elements: investments, net financial results, profitability, pure income, productivity of the man labour.

The production of tobacco in the economical insufficiently developed region around the middle course of the Sava (SFRY) was investigated. Thanks to good ecological conditions, agrarian overpopulation and the tradition of a part of agricultural population, usability for the production of tobacco was created. The holder of the production is a basic organization of associated labour from Orasje, which is part of the work organization Tobacka tvornica Ljubljana. This basic organization of associated labour carries a permanent cooperation with private tobacco producers. Standardization of the private farms, regarding the natural, technological, technical (mechanization) and economic conditions was made in this analysis and basic indicators of economy for each type of farms were analysed. An organizational and economic model of the future development of the production and coopertation of the basic organization of associated labour and private farms was made. The relationships within the model are based on the market principle. The description of each modification of the model contains the following elements: investments, net financial results, profitability, pure income, productivity of the man labour.

Extract: To evaluate the usefulness of interval weight change in assessing nutritional support efficacy, we studied four anorexia nervosa patients (52% ideal body weight) requiring long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for 63 days. Fluid and electrolyte deficits were corrected before the initiation of nutritional support. Resting energy expenditure was measured before the initiation of TPN and weekly thereafter, using indirect calorimetry. Daily caloric expenditure was estimated at 1.1 x resting energy expenditure, based on previous studies of continuous heart rate monitoring in this patient population. Daily excess calories were calculated as caloric intake minus caloric expenditure. Each patient was weighed daily and linear regression analysis (excess calories versus weight change) was performed for individual patients and the group over intervals of varying length. There was no individual or group correlation between excess calories and weight gain on a daily or weekly interval basis. Cumulative weight changes over the long-term course of TPN correlated significantly with cumulative excess calories for each patient and the whole group (r = +0.82). The excess calories required to gain a kilogram body weight ranged from 5569 to 15619 kcal/kg with a mean of 9768. Cumulative long-term weight changes during nutritional repletion in anorexia nervosa are meaningful indicators of caloric balance, but short interval weight changes (daily, weekly) are not. The caloric cost of weight gain is variable in this population. (author)

Growth in food production through aquaculture between 1975 and 1980 has been substantial but varying from country to country and product to product. This paper addresses the problem of analysing the causes of such differences in growth in aquaculture production in order (1) to predict future growth, and (2) to better understand how a rapid and rational growth of aquaculture industries can be promoted nationally, regionally and globally. The study concludes that the data currently available to FAO are quite inadequate, as yet, to make the required analyses. It nevertheless demonstrates that useful indications can be obtained even from the information presently available, and elaborates several approaches that could be usefully applied as soon as better data are available. The report calls attention to the utility of comparing changes in aquaculture to both the capture fisheries and agriculture in analyzing local, national and regional differences. Noting the markedly different levels of production among countries in relation to a variety of commonly employed indicators of agricultural resources, and corresponding differences in the problems of encouraging growth at different levels of intensity production, the authors define and contrast Aquaculturally Developed Countries and Aquaculturally Developing Countries. The resulting classification cuts across the more general Developing/Developed Country contrast. Finally a method is explored for assessing the relative importance of constraining factors based on a relatively subjective "expert rating" system, and an inidcation given of how a useful analytical model of trend analysis could be developed.