Winter wheat is one of major grain crops in China. To scientifically map cropping patterns, it is very important to understand the area of its viable cultivation zone in China. Based on published data, geographical information, national climate data, and the MaxEnt model, the relationship between the distribution of the winter wheat cultivation zone and climate was established. The main indices controlling the distribution of the winter wheat cultivation zone were analyzed to reveal climatic suitability. The main controls on winter wheat distribution in China were: the negative accumulation of daily mean temperatures below 0°C during winter (i.e., negative accumulated temperature), annual mean extreme minimum temperatures, potential evapotranspiration, and annual precipitation. For winter wheat to safely survive the winter, the negative accumulated temperature should be higher than −700°C, and the annual mean extreme minimum temperature should be higher than −30°C. Climate suitability classification of the winter wheat cultivation zone was mapped, based on the MaxEnt probability distribution of winter wheat. Former studies indicated that the northeast boundary of the winter wheat cultivation zone is the south of Liaoning Province, and our study indicated that the northeast boundary of the winter wheat cultivation zone is the north of Heilongjiang Province; former studies indicated that the northwest boundary of the winter wheat cultivation zone is the south of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and our study indicated that the northwest boundary of the winter wheat cultivation zone is the north of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Our study describes a suitable winter wheat cultivation zone in China and the northern boundary of winter wheat cultivation, and it will be helpful for guiding the cultivation of Chinese winter wheat. Based on our climatic indices and their threshold determining the distribution of winter wheat, it will be helpful for gaining a scientific understanding of the effects of climate change.

Difficult to control winter annual grasses that have been used to produce forage, especially Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and feral rye (Secale cereale L.), have invaded Oklahoma fields traditionally used to produce continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to determine whether a winter canola (Brassica napus L.)–winter wheat crop rotation could compete economically with continuous winter wheat. The effects of seven herbicide treatments for continuous wheat and 24 herbicide treatments for the canola–wheat rotations were analyzed during a rotation cycle at four Oklahoma locations. Enterprise budgets were prepared to enable economic comparisons across production systems and treatments. Wheat yields in the second year of the canola–wheat rotations were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than wheat yields in the second year of continuous wheat across all four locations (10, 11, 15, and 22%). Based on the historical relationship between wheat and canola prices, and a wheat price of US$0.21 kg⁻¹ and a canola price of US$0.40 kg⁻¹, for the three sites for which net returns could be pooled across herbicide treatments, net returns from the canola–wheat rotation (US$197, US$123, and US$24 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than net returns from continuous wheat (–US$46, –US$118, and –US$48 ha⁻¹yr⁻¹). Based on historical price relationships and the yields produced in the trials, a winter canola–winter wheat crop rotation may improve net returns relative to continuous winter wheat for Oklahoma fields infested with Italian ryegrass and feral rye.

Jointed goatgrass (JGG) (Aegilops cylindrica) is an invasive annual grass weed that reduces winter wheat yield and quality. In the past 20 to 30 years, there has been much research conducted on jointed goatgrass; however, there has never been an empirical economic evaluation of jointed goatgrass in wheat during this time. This 7-year study evaluated the agronomic benefits and economic returns of twelve integrated weed management (IWM) systems based on crop yield and quality, jointed goatgrass populations, and dockage penalties. The twelve systems were all combinations of burn (B) and no burn (N) treatments; three crop rotations of soft white winter wheat-fallow-winter wheat-fallow (WW-F-WW-F), soft white spring wheat-fallow-winter wheat-fallow (SW-F-WW-F) and spring barley-fallow-winter wheat-spring barley (SB-F-WW); and two methods of winter wheat seeding, integrated (I) and standard (S). By far, the best systems for improving crop yield and quality and reducing jointed goatgrass populations and dockage were either B:SW-F-WW-F:S or N:SW-F-WW-F:S. These systems also had the highest profitability. If growers in the wheat-fallow region would adopt these two systems, they would increase profitability and sustainability and decrease herbicide resistance in jointed goatgrass.

Non-Peer Reviewed | Next to the coinciding harvest of spring crops, the biggest challenge winter wheat seeding faces is finding early matured and harvested crop land for seeding at the optimum window from late August to early September. Pulse stubble provides an opportunity to get winter wheat seeded in a timely basis. Growing winter wheat on pulse stubble is commonly discouraged due to the very limited residue and potential for snow trap. As overwinter success is connected to snow cover and subsequent insulation against cold temperatures. We propose another challenge that may be limiting success on pulse stubble. The repeated use ALS inhibiting (Group 2) herbicides and soil residual that can inhibit root growth, nutrient uptake and subsequent fall seedling establishment. A reconnaissance study was conducted on two locations, each with pulse stubble but with differing Group 2 herbicide residue. Soil temperature monitoring showed that of the three winter wheat cultivars examined, all should have easily survived the winter of 2010-11. Significant impact on stand survival and yield was observed on the soil having Group 2 residues. A cultivar interaction was also noted. Further investigation would facilitate identifying potential crop nutrition management techniques to overcome agronomic challenges of successfully growing winter wheat on pulse stubble. Investigation of winter wheat cultivar tolerance to ALS inhibiting herbicide residues would also be of value.

The results of studying of winter wheat fertilization in dark chestnut soil in 2008-2011 have been analyzed. Productivity of a winter wheat raised on 37,6-40,5 % under influence of both terms combination of fertilizers application that exceeded the sum of effects from each of them separately. Differences in winter wheat productivity depending on the structure of three-component complex fertilizers were not essential

The traditional winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production area on the North American Great Plains extended as far north as southern Alberta, Canada. This paper reviews a research and development program initiated with the objective of expanding production north and east into higher winter stress areas of the Canadian prairies. Winter survival was considered the main limitation to production in this region. However, the widespread adoption of no-till seeding into standing stubble for snow trapping has proven to be a successful method of overwintering wheat if cold hardy cultivars are grown using recommended management practices. Plant breeding improvements have increased production potential and winter wheat has become western Canada's third largest wheat class. Average commercial yields of 149, 125, and 118% of spring wheat in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, respectively, have demonstrated the high yield potential that can be realized while employing environmentally sustainable crop management practices. In light of current environmental concerns, changing weather patterns, diminishing world wheat reserves, and an ever increasing global population to feed, one would assume that winter wheat production in western Canada would be widely embraced. However, marketing obstacles and difficulties inserting winter wheat into rotations, both of which have a direct influence on farmers’ net returns, remain to be overcome for this potential to be fully realized.

Management of Italian ryegrass in cereal-based cropping systems continues to be a major production constraint in areas of the United States, including the soft white winter wheat producing regions of the Pacific Northwest. Pyroxasulfone is a soil-applied herbicide with the potential to control broadleaf and grass weed species, including grass weed biotypes resistant to group 1, 2, and 7 herbicides, in several crops for which registration has been completed or is pending, including wheat, corn, sunflower, dry bean, and soybean. Field experiments were conducted from 2006 through 2009 near Corvallis, OR, to evaluate the potential for Italian ryegrass control in winter wheat with applications of pyroxasulfone. Application rates of PRE treatments ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 kg ai ha⁻¹. All treatments were compared to standard Italian ryegrass soil-applied herbicides used in winter wheat, including diuron, flufenacet, and flufenacet + metribuzin. Visual evaluations of Italian ryegrass and ivyleaf speedwell control and winter wheat injury were made at regular intervals following applications. Winter wheat yields were quantified at grain maturity. Ivyleaf speedwell control was variable, and Italian ryegrass control following pyroxasulfone applications ranged from 65 to 100% and was equal to control achieved with flufenacet and flufenacet + metribuzin treatments and greater than that achieved with diuron applications. Winter wheat injury from pyroxasulfone ranged from 0 to 8% and was most associated with the 0.15–kg ha⁻¹ application rate. However, this early-season injury did not negatively impact winter wheat yield. Pyroxasulfone applied at the application rates and timings in these studies resulted in high levels of activity on Italian ryegrass and excellent winter wheat safety. Based on the results, pyroxasulfone has the potential to be used as a soil-applied herbicide in winter wheat for Italian ryegrass management and its utility for management of other important grass and broadleaf weeds of cereal-based cropping systems should be evaluated.Nomenclature: Diuron; flufenacet; pyroxasulfone; metribuzin; Italian ryegrass, Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot; ivyleaf speedwell, Veronica hederifolia L.; wheat, Triticum spp.

A two-factor field experiment was carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture during the period 2005-2008. The influence of different tillage and fertilization practices on wheat grain fungal contamination was evaluated. Grain surface contamination and internal grain infection with fungi were quantified using agar tests. Purified colonies were identified using different manuals. A total of 16 fungal genera were identified in spring and winter wheat grains. Alternaria infected 46.3% - 99.9%, Cladosporium 26.9% - 77.8%, Fusarium 0.9% - 37.1%, Penicillium 1.3% - 2.5% of grains tested. Winter wheat grain surface contamination by fungi ranged from 7.2 × 103 to 24.8 × 103 of colony forming units per g of grain (cfu g-1), spring wheat from 14.8 × 103 to 80.3 × 103 cfu g-1. No-tillage increased winter wheat grain infection by Alternaria, Aspergillus and Cladosporium species and total count of cfu g-1 on spring wheat grain surface. High fertilizer rates resulted in an increase in spring wheat grain infection by Fusarium and Penicillium species and total count of cfu g-1 on both spring and winter wheat grain surface. | v | ok

The aim of the work was to determine the influence of weather conditions and a degree of weed infestation on the incidence of stem bases rot (Fusarium spp.) of winter wheat cultivars as well as their yield. The winter wheat cultivars (Kobra, Korweta, Mikon, Zyta) were investigated (2000-2002) in the field where the following herbicides: Apyros 75 WG + Atpolan, Affinity 50,75 WG, Attribut 70 WG were applied. It has been shown the occurrence of stem base rot (Fusarium spp.) depended mainly on weather conditions. The application of the herbicides improved the plant health. The stem base rot on winter wheat was caused by Fusarium spp., specially F. culmorum. The decrease in winter wheat yield depended on weather conditions, weed infestation and the occurrence of stem base rot (Fusarium spp.).

The data on biological and economic herbicide lancelot 450, WDG (aminopyralid, 300 g/kg + florasulam, 150 g/kg) efficiency are presented in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus. The experiment was realized by the example of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (Triticosecale), and spring wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare). By research years in winter wheat crops the dicotyledonous weed infestation has decreased for 47,2-97,0% by number and for 79,5-98,4% by vegetative weight , in winter triticale – for 43,4-54,4% and 61,6-78,4%, in spring barley crops – for 75,5-91,2% and 93,4-96,7%, accordingly. In spring wheat crops the vegetative weight decrease has made 63,4-73,7%. In spring wheat crops the vegetative weight decrease has made 63,4-73,7%. During all years of researches there was no phytotoxic herbicide lancelot, WDG effect on winter and spring grain crops.