خيارات البحث
النتائج 1 - 10 من 1,576
Importation of Japanese Unshu orange fruits (Citrus reticulata Blanco var. unshu Swingle) into citrus producing states
1995
Scientific Opinion on the risk to plant health posed by <em>Chrysanthemum stunt viroid</em> for the EU territory, with identification and evaluation of risk reduction options
2012
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)
The Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest risk assessment for Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) and identified and evaluated risk reduction options, particularly those listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Three entry pathways were identified, with plants for planting being the most important and rated as moderately likely. CSVd is recorded in some EU Member States with a limited distribution and is regulated on chrysanthemum; host plants are widely cultivated in greenhouses and outdoors. Therefore, establishment is very likely. Short-distance spread within a crop is likely, whereas short-distance spread between different species is unlikely to moderately likely. For vegetatively propagated species, in the absence of an efficient certification system, long-distance spread is very likely and a major impact would be expected on chrysanthemum, with associated yield and quality losses. However, under the existing certification scheme for chrysanthemum plant propagation material, the probability of spread through infected cuttings is largely reduced and the direct consequences of viroid outbreaks are expected to be minor. Minimal impact is predicted for other ornamental hosts and a minor impact for solanaceous vegetable crops. The indirect effects of CSVd are considered to be limited, with the exception of eradication. Risk reduction options addressing the sanitary status of the propagation material are likely to be the most effective and feasible. These include the current EU measures, as well as a statutory certification system with associated statutory import requirements or, failing that, but potentially less effective, the use of voluntary industry standards. It is difficult to disentangle the benefits of the current legislation from those of the industry-developed chrysanthemum certification system. The high efficacy of current measures is supported by the absence or limited presence of CSVd in the EU and by the limited number of interceptions and findings. Possible improvements to current measures are described and uncertainties discussed.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Importation of avocado fruit (Persea americana) from Mexico | Mexican avocado fruit
1995
Firko, Michael J.
Measuring the consistency of phytosanitary measures
2009
Bigsby, Hugh
The paper presents a model for quantifying quarantine-related phytosanitary measures by combining the two basic components of pest risk assessment, probability of establishment and economic effects, into a single management framework, Iso-Risk. The model provides a systematic and objective basis for defining and measuring acceptable risk and for justifying quarantine actions relative to acceptable risk. This can then be used to measure consistency of phytosanitary measures. The Iso-Risk framework is applied using a database of USDA phytosanitary risk assessments. The results show that the USDA risk assessment system produces assessments that are not consistent across a range of intermediate values for consequence or likelihood of occurrence.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Generic Pest Risk Analysis for Potato in Nepal
2017
Baidya Nath Mahto
Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) is the process of evaluation for biological and economic evidences in order to determine whether a pest should be regulated under phyto-sanitary measures. The present mini review highlights the potential potato pathogen list recorded in Nepal harmful for potato production and productivity. At global scale altogether 135 potential quarantine pests (PQP) for potato has been recorded, while in Nepal only 92 PQP were recorded. Out of those 52, 13 and 27 were fungi, bacteria and viruses respectively. Among the 92 PQP, 34, 30 and 13 were considered at high, medium and lower risk type pathogens for potato. There was no information available on other 15 PQP.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Standard protocols for plant health scientific assessments
2024
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) | Claude Bragard | Paula Baptista | Elisavet Chatzivassiliou | Francesco Di Serio | Paolo Gonthier | Josep Anton Jaques Miret | Annemarie Fejer Justesen | Alan MacLeod | Christer Sven Magnusson | Panagiotis Milonas | Juan A. Navas‐Cortes | Stephen Parnell | Roel Potting | Philippe Lucien Reignault | Emilio Stefani | Wopke Van der Werf | Antonio Vicent Civera | Jonathan Yuen | Lucia Zappalà | Matteo Crotta | Ewelina Czwienczek | Ciro Gardi | Agata Kaczmarek | Virag Kertesz | Andrea Maiorano | Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz | Marco Pautasso | Giuseppe Stancanelli | Franz Streissl | Anastasia Terzidou | Hans‐Hermann Thulke
Abstract In accordance with the EFSA Strategy 2027 outlining the need for fit‐for‐purpose protocols for EFSA generic scientific assessments, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH Panel) developed standard protocols to harmonise the problem formulation process and outputs for mandates addressing recurrent scientific questions. Three types of recurring EFSA plant health mandates require generic scientific assessments: (i) pest categorisation; (ii) commodity risk assessment for the purpose of derogation to provisions of the EU plant health law and (iii) quantitative pest risk assessment. The three standard protocols are tailored to the appropriate level of detail and build on the existing guidance documents laying out the methods for conducting risk assessment in the plant health domain. To develop a standard protocol for pest categorisation, the PLH Panel adapted the latest version of the standard template reporting the evidence needs and the assessment questions to conclude whether a pest fulfils the criteria for being considered a potential quarantine pest for the EU. To develop a standard protocol for commodity risk assessment, the PLH Panel adapted the procedure and standard templates used for commodity risk assessment of high risk plants. To develop a standard protocol for quantitative pest risk assessments (qPRA), the Panel reviewed the existing guidance document on qPRA and the qPRAs published by the PLH Panel. The hierarchy of assessment questions and sub‐questions used were identified and extracted. Based on this, a hierarchically organised IT‐tool was formulated as protocol for the planning and documentation of future qPRAs.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in quantitative pest risk assessments; practical rules for risk assessors
2013
Makowski,David
Quantitative models have several advantages compared to qualitative methods for pest risk assessments (PRA). Quantitative models do not require the definition of categorical ratings and can be used to compute numerical probabilities of entry and establishment, and to quantify spread and impact. These models are powerful tools, but they include several sources of uncertainty that need to be taken into account by risk assessors and communicated to decision makers. Uncertainty analysis (UA) and sensitivity analysis (SA) are useful for analyzing uncertainty in models used in PRA, and are becoming more popular. However, these techniques should be applied with caution because several factors may influence their results. In this paper, a brief overview of methods of UA and SA are given. As well, a series of practical rules are defined that can be followed by risk assessors to improve the reliability of UA and SA results. These rules are illustrated in a case study based on the infection model of Magarey et al. (2005) where the results of UA and SA are shown to be highly dependent on the assumptions made on the probability distribution of the model inputs.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Challenges in pest risk assessment: evaluating evidence and addressing uncertainties
2008
Kehlenbeck, Hella
Aceria kuko Mites: a Comprehensive Review of Their Phytosanitary Risk, Pathways and Control
2016
Roxana Ciceoi | Elena Ștefania Mardare
The present review aims to identify the phytosanitary risk, the pathways and the possible control methods of a new eryophid alien species mentioned for the first time in Romania in 2010. The pest is Aceria kuko, the goji-berries gall mite, imported in Europe from China via orders by mail possibly in 2007 or 2008. Although the import from third countries into the European Union of Solanaceae intended for planting is prohibited according to Dir. 2000/29/EC, as a protective measure against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community, the parcels ordered by mail escape the quarantine and pest & disease control services. Our field observations regarding the attack frequency, attack intensity and the losses indicate that the non-native plant pest is a potential threat also for Romania, although no attention has been given to it until the present moment. We consider that monitoring the presence of the mite in the Romanian Goji plantations and the changes in the A. kuko biology and ecology has a strategic importance and should be regarded as a biosafety measure not only for Romania, but for entire Europe, as the Goji fruits produced in Romania are mainly exported in the European countries.
اظهر المزيد [+] اقل [-]Importation of fresh citrus fruit (sweet orange, Citrus sinensis, lemon, C. limon, and grapefruit, C. paradisi) from Argentina into the continental United States
1997
