Citrus is one of the most important fruit trees around the world, and its fruits are affected by a number of post-harvest diseases, the most important of which are the molds caused by the fungus Penicilium P.digitatum and P.italicum, which cause green mold disease and blue mold, respectively, and cause damage to the crop during storage in irregular conditions. The objective of the research is to estimate the incidence and severity of disease on the fruits of certain citrus varieties in packing and storage places within two citrus fruit storage centers First and second center, and the impact of mobilization and storage conditions on the spread of the disease by studying the impact of treating fruits with salt solutions of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate at a concentration of 2% and 4% each and studying their impact on reducing the incidence and severity of the fruits treated. The results showed an increasing incidence of two months of storage. as well as reducing the incidence of green and blue molds, Treatment of fruits with a solution of 2% sodium carbonate has also been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of disease and extend the storage life of fruits for more than two months of refrigerated storage. results also showed that fruit washing without drying increased the incidence of both green mold and blue mold in both centres, The incidence and severity of infection was observed at one centre from the other.

The bacterial soft rot of onion caused by Burkholderia cepacia is a major issue in subtropical storage. At BSMRAU, Bangladesh, examined plant extracts for antibacterial impact on this disease in both lab and storage contexts. Studied 11 aqueous extracts: cheerota, jute, chatim, mander, stone apple, marigold, onion garlic, neem, lime, and turmeric, for antibacterial effects against the disease. Only the extracts from jute leaf and cheerota shown antibacterial action. Extracts from the plants cheerota and jute leaf were used to combat onion soft rot. The test involved soaking onion samples and exposing to indicator bacteria after in vitro selection. Onions were stored for 22 weeks in sterile conditions. Botanical extract application notably reduced infection, weight loss, and boosted onion's percentage disease reduction (PDR). Cheerota plant extract showed the greatest inhibitory effects for controlling soft rot bacteria of onion in-vitro and in storage conditions, respectively which may be the eco-friendly management of the onion soft rot disease.

In this study, we compared the incidence of postharvest disease and the storage potential of blueberry fruit treated with thymol (inoculated with Aspergillus niger) with those in the control fruit during storage for 42 d at 2 °C. Treatment with 10–30 mg/L thymol was found to be more effective than treatment with higher thymol concentrations of 40–50 mg/L in terms of controlling Aspergillus niger-induced decay. In the thymol-treated blueberry fruit peel, the activities of the disease resistance-related enzymes were significantly enhanced. Furthermore, the 20 mg/L thymol-treated blueberry fruit retained the highest firmness, total soluble solids content, and acceptability score, and it also maintained an unimpaired cell wall structure of pericarp quality. Thus, low-dose thymol-treatment could be a suitable biocontrol agent for controlling postharvest disease and prolonging the storage life of blueberry fruit.

In order to elucidate the influences of pre-harvest spraying diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) on the disease occurrence in longan fruit during postharvest storage and its possible mechanism, fruit of ‘Fuyan’ longan at 70, 90 and 110 days after full bloom was sprayed with DA-6 solution at the concentration of 10 mg/kg, and the fruit sprayed with distilled water served as control. The harvested longan fruit were stored at (28±1) ºC. During storage, the index of longan fruit disease, the contents of lignin and total phenolics, the activities of phenylalnine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), chitinase (CHI) and β-1,3-glucanase (GLU) in longan pericarp were evaluated. When stored for 6 d, the fruit disease index in 10 mg/kg DA-6-treated longan was 11.59% lower than control longans. The results also indicated that, contrasted to the control samples, during postharvest storage, pre-harvest spraying DA-6 could lower index of fruit disease, reduce activities of PPO and POD, but retain higher activities of PAL, CHI and GLU, as well as maintain higher levels of lignin and total phenolics. These findings suggested that pre-harvest spraying DA-6 could effectively suppress disease development of postharvest longan fruit, which was due to DA-6 induced-the enhanced activities of disease resistance related-enzymes and the reduced activities of phenols oxidation related-enzymes, the increased levels of disease-resistant substances, and then the enhanced disease resistance.

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is a hereditary metabolic disorder caused by enzyme deficiency resulting in glycogen accumulation in the liver, muscle, heart, or kidney. GSD types II, III, IV, and IX are associated with cardiac involvement. However, cardiac manifestation in other GSD types is unclear. This study aimed to describe whether energy deprivation and the toxic effects of accumulated glycogen affect the heart of patients with GSD. We evaluated the left ventricle (LV) wall mass, LV systolic and diastolic function and myocardial strain with conventional echocardiography and two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D STE) in 62 patients with GSD type I, III, VI and IX who visited the Wonju Severance Hospital in 2021. Among the GSD patients, the echocardiographic parameters of 55 pediatrics were converted into z-scores and analyzed. Of the patients, 43 (62.3%), 7 (11.3%) and 12 (19.4%) patients were diagnosed with GSD type I, type III, and type IX, respectively. The median age was 9 years (range, 1&ndash:36 years), with 55 children under 18 years old and seven adults over 18 years. For the 55 pediatric patients, the echocardiographic parameters were converted into a z-score and analyzed. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the BMI z-score (p = 0.022) and CK (p = 0.020) predicted increased LV mass z-score, regardless of GSD type. There was no difference in the diastolic and systolic functions according to myocardial thickness: however, 2D STE showed a negative correlation with the LV mass (r = &minus:0.28, p = 0.041). Given that patients with GSD tend to be overweight, serial evaluation with echocardiography might be required for all types of GSD.

A proper harvesting process combined with proper treatment before storage can help prevent disease spread (see below). Practical recommendation • The risk of infection of Neofabraea spp. can be descreased by avoiding the use of susceptible varieties (e.g., pinova) as well as prolonged wetting of the trees, especially in the last months before harvest. • All agronomic measures that promote a dry environment help reduce infection, for example: • Use drip irrigation systems instead of overhead irrigation systems • Keep flower strips not too high • Experimentally, it has been observed that the use of physical barriers (single-row nets) from mid-July until before harvest considerably reduces the attack of this disease. • Carry out copper-based treatments, and corroborants (Ulmasud) can be used to increase plant resistance to the disease. It is advisable to carry out treatments when the leaves are dry. • Laminarin treatments can also be carried out in combination with copper. • An early and short harvest reduces the risk of infestation (observe the harvest windows depending on the variety chosen). The riper the fruits become, the more susceptible they are to infection by Neofabraea spp. • Hot water treatments are recommended before storage. • It is recommended to store apples in small storage cells. • For optimal and effective marketing/sales of the product, it is advisable to avoid prolonged storage in a cell. It is also advisable not to repeatedly enter the cell, as this encourages the spread and increase of the disease.

Abstract Management strategies and the use of advanced technologies are equally important for determining the sample number and sampling frame for successful field sampling for animal disease prevalence studies. The quality of the biological samples collected in the field has a direct bearing on the integrity of the data generated, prevalence estimates and subsequent policy decisions on disease control. Hence, compromising the quality of biological samples collected in the field could potentially undermine the priority setting principles in disease control strategies. Biological samples collected from domestic animals in the field are precious materials and require meticulous planning for sample collection, sample storage in the field, transportation, and storage in the laboratory. Poorly managed field sampling has a significant detrimental impact on the sample quality and quantity and directly affects the accuracy of disease prevalence data. A bad choice of sampling tools, containers, storage and transport all have a negative impact on the integrity of the sample and consequently have an impact on the outcome. Over the last two years, as part of our one health animal sampling work in India, we have observed challenges and opportunities in the field sampling of animals for disease prevalence studies. This paper aims to provide information on management practices and technologies for efficient biological sample collection from the field and ensure that good quality samples are available for testing.