International audience

International audience | Summary Heterodimeric complexes incorporating the lipase‐like proteins EDS1 with PAD4 or SAG101 are central hubs in plant innate immunity. EDS1 functions encompass signal relay from TIR domain‐containing intracellular NLR‐type immune receptors (TNLs) towards RPW8‐type helper NLRs (RNLs) and, in Arabidopsis thaliana , bolstering of signaling and resistance mediated by cell‐surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Increasing evidence points to the activation of EDS1 complexes by small molecule binding. We used CRISPR/Cas‐generated mutant lines and agroinfiltration‐based complementation assays to interrogate functions of EDS1 complexes in Nicotiana benthamiana . We did not detect impaired PRR signaling in N. benthamiana lines deficient in EDS1 complexes or RNLs. Intriguingly, in assays monitoring functions of Sl EDS1‐ Nb EDS1 complexes in N. benthamiana , mutations within the Sl EDS1 catalytic triad could abolish or enhance TNL immunity. Furthermore, nuclear EDS1 accumulation was sufficient for N. benthamiana TNL (Roq1) immunity. Reinforcing PRR signaling in Arabidopsis might be a derived function of the TNL/EDS1 immune sector. Although Solanaceae EDS1 functionally depends on catalytic triad residues in some contexts, our data do not support binding of a TNL‐derived small molecule in the triad environment. Whether and how nuclear EDS1 activity connects to membrane pore‐forming RNLs remains unknown.

Heterodimeric complexes incorporating the lipase-like proteins EDS1 with PAD4 or SAG101 are central hubs in plant innate immunity. EDS1 functions encompass signal relay from TIR domain-containing intracellular NLR-type immune receptors (TNLs) towards RPW8-type helper NLRs (RNLs) and, in Arabidopsis thaliana, bolstering of signaling and resistance mediated by cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Increasing evidence points to the activation of EDS1 complexes by small molecule binding. We used CRISPR/Cas-generated mutant lines and agroinfiltration-based complementation assays to interrogate functions of EDS1 complexes in Nicotiana benthamiana. We did not detect impaired PRR signaling in N. benthamiana lines deficient in EDS1 complexes or RNLs. Intriguingly, in assays monitoring functions of SlEDS1-NbEDS1 complexes in N. benthamiana, mutations within the SlEDS1 catalytic triad could abolish or enhance TNL immunity. Furthermore, nuclear EDS1 accumulation was sufficient for N. benthamiana TNL (Roq1) immunity. Reinforcing PRR signaling in Arabidopsis might be a derived function of the TNL/EDS1 immune sector. Although Solanaceae EDS1 functionally depends on catalytic triad residues in some contexts, our data do not support binding of a TNL-derived small molecule in the triad environment. Whether and how nuclear EDS1 activity connects to membrane pore-forming RNLs remains unknown.

International audience | Land plants evolved from charophytic algae, among which Charophyceae possess the most complex body plans. We present the genome of <em>Chara braunii</em>; comparison of the genome to those of land plants identified evolutionary novelties for plant terrestrialization and land plant heritage genes. <em>C. braunii</em> employs unique xylan synthases for cell wall biosynthesis, a phragmoplast (cell separation) mechanism similar to that of land plants, and many phytohormones. <em>C. braunii</em> plastids are controlled via land-plant-like retrograde signaling, and transcriptional regulation is more elaborate than in other algae. The morphological complexity of this organism may result from expanded gene families, with three cases of particular note: genes effecting tolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), LysM receptor-like kinases, and transcription factors (TFs). Transcriptomic analysis of sexual reproductive structures reveals intricate control by TFs, activity of the ROS gene network, and the ancestral use of plant-like storage and stress protection proteins in the zygote.

International audience | Land plants evolved from charophytic algae, among which Charophyceae possess the most complex body plans. We present the genome of <em>Chara braunii</em>; comparison of the genome to those of land plants identified evolutionary novelties for plant terrestrialization and land plant heritage genes. <em>C. braunii</em> employs unique xylan synthases for cell wall biosynthesis, a phragmoplast (cell separation) mechanism similar to that of land plants, and many phytohormones. <em>C. braunii</em> plastids are controlled via land-plant-like retrograde signaling, and transcriptional regulation is more elaborate than in other algae. The morphological complexity of this organism may result from expanded gene families, with three cases of particular note: genes effecting tolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), LysM receptor-like kinases, and transcription factors (TFs). Transcriptomic analysis of sexual reproductive structures reveals intricate control by TFs, activity of the ROS gene network, and the ancestral use of plant-like storage and stress protection proteins in the zygote.

Land plants evolved from charophytic algae, among which Charophyceae possess the most complex body plans. We present the genome of Chara braunii; comparison of the genome to those of land plants identified evolutionary novelties for plant terrestrialization and land plant heritage genes. C. braunii employs unique xylan synthases for cell wall biosynthesis, a phragmoplast (cell separation) mechanism similar to that of land plants, and many phytohormones. C. braunii plastids are controlled via land-plant-like retrograde signaling, and transcriptional regulation is more elaborate than in other algae. The morphological complexity of this organism may result from expanded gene families, with three cases of particular note: genes effecting tolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), LysM receptor-like kinases, and transcription factors (TFs). Transcriptomic analysis of sexual reproductive structures reveals intricate control by TFs, activity of the ROS gene network, and the ancestral use of plant-like storage and stress protection proteins in the zygote.

Land plants evolved from charophytic algae, among which Charophyceae possess the most complex body plans. We present the genome of Chara braunii; comparison of the genome to those of land plants identified evolutionary novelties for plant terrestrialization and land plant heritage genes. C. braunii employs unique xylan synthases for cell wall biosynthesis, a phragmoplast (cell separation) mechanism similar to that of land plants, and many phytohormones. C. braunii plastids are controlled via land-plant-like retrograde signaling, and transcriptional regulation is more elaborate than in other algae. The morphological complexity of this organism may result from expanded gene families, with three cases of particular note: genes effecting tolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), LysM receptor-like kinases, and transcription factors (TFs). Transcriptomic analysis of sexual reproductive structures reveals intricate control by TFs, activity of the ROS gene network, and the ancestral use of plant-like storage and stress protection proteins in the zygote.

International audience | Agricultural simplification continues to expand at the expense of more diverse forms of agriculture. This simplification, for example, in the form of intensively managed monocultures, poses a risk to keeping the world within safe and just Earth system boundaries. Here, we estimated how agricultural diversification simultaneously affects social and environmental outcomes. Drawing from 24 studies in 11 countries across 2655 farms, we show how five diversification strategies focusing on livestock, crops, soils, noncrop plantings, and water conservation benefit social (e.g., human well-being, yields, and food security) and environmental (e.g., biodiversity, ecosystem services, and reduced environmental externalities) outcomes. We found that applying multiple diversification strategies creates more positive outcomes than individual management strategies alone. To realize these benefits, well-designed policies are needed to incentivize the adoption of multiple diversification strategies in unison.

Agricultural simplification continues to expand at the expense of diversified agriculture and risk to planetary boundaries. Here, we estimate how agricultural diversification simultaneously affects social and environmental outcomes. Drawing from 24 studies in 11 countries across 2,655 farms, we show how five diversification strategies focusing on livestock, crops, soils, non-crop plantings, and water conservation benefit social (human well-being, yields, food security) and environmental (non-agricultural biodiversity, ecosystem services, reduced environmental externalities) outcomes. Our simple but far-reaching finding isWe found that applying multiple diversification strategies through ‘diversified farming systems’ can create more positive impacts than individual management strategies. Although agricultural diversification can bring positive outcomes, policy is needed to support multiple diversification strategies in unison. | Fil: Rasmussen, Laura Vang. Universidad de Copenhagen; Dinamarca | Fil: Grass, Ingo. Universidad de Hohenheim; Alemania | Fil: Mehrabi, Zia. State University of Colorado at Boulder; Estados Unidos | Fil: Smith, Olivia M.. Michigan State University; Estados Unidos | Fil: Bezner Kerr, Rachel. Cornell University; Estados Unidos | Fil: Blesh, Jennifer. University of Michigan; Estados Unidos | Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones En Recursos Naturales, Agroecologia y Desarrollo Rural. - Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones En Recursos Naturales, Agroecologia y Desarrollo Rural.; Argentina | Fil: Isaac, Marney E.. University of Toronto; Canadá | Fil: Kennedy, Christina M.. The Nature Conservancy; Estados Unidos | Fil: Wittman, Hannah. University of British Columbia; Canadá | Fil: Batáry, Péter. Hun-ren Centre For Ecological Research; Hungría | Fil: Buchori, Damayanti. Bogor Agricultural University; Indonesia | Fil: Cerda, Rolando. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza; Costa Rica | Fil: Chará, Julián. Center for Research on Sustainable Agricultural Systems; Colombia | Fil: Crowder, David W.. Washington State University; Estados Unidos | Fil: Darras, Kevin. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia | Fil: DeMaster, Kathryn. University of California; Estados Unidos | Fil: Garcia, Karina. University of Kentucky; Estados Unidos | Fil: Gómez, Manuel. Federación Colombiana de Ganaderos; Colombia | Fil: Gonthier, David. University of Kentucky; Estados Unidos | Fil: Hidayat, Purnama. IPB University; Indonesia | Fil: Hipólito, Juliana. Universidade Federal da Bahia; Brasil | Fil: Hirons, Mark. University of Oxford; Reino Unido | Fil: Hoey, Lesli. University of Michigan; Estados Unidos | Fil: James, Dana. University of British Columbia; Canadá | Fil: John, Innocensia. University Of Dar Es Salaam; Tanzania | Fil: Jones, Andrew D.. University of Michigan; Estados Unidos | Fil: Karp, Daniel S.. University of California at Davis; Estados Unidos | Fil: Kebede, Yodit. Université Montpellier II; Francia | Fil: Bezner Kerr, Carmen. University of Toronto; Canadá | Fil: Klassen, Susanna. University of British Columbia; Canadá | Fil: Kotowska, Martyna. Universität Göttingen; Alemania | Fil: Kreft, Holger. Universität Göttingen; Alemania | Fil: Llanque, Ramiro. Consejo de Salud Rural Andino; Bolivia | Fil: Levers, Christian. University of British Columbia; Canadá | Fil: Lizcano, Diego J.. The Nature Conservancy; Bolivia | Fil: Lu, Adrian. University of California; Estados Unidos | Fil: Madsen, Sidney. University of British Columbia; Canadá | Fil: Nunes Marques, Rosebelly. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil | Fil: Buss Martins, Pedro. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil | Fil: Melo, America. The Nature Conservancy; Colombia | Fil: Nyantakyi-Frimpong, Hanson. University Of Denver.; Estados Unidos | Fil: Olimpi, Elissa M.. Conservation Science Partners; Estados Unidos | Fil: Owen, Jeb P.. Washington State University; Estados Unidos | Fil: Pantevez, Heiber. Federación Colombiana de Ganaderos; Colombia | Fil: Qaim, Matin. Universitat Bonn; Alemania | Fil: Redlich, Sarah. Julius Maximilians Universitat Wurzburg. Biozentrum; Alemania | Fil: Scherber, Christoph. Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring and Conservation Science; Alemania. Universitat Bonn; Alemania | Fil: Sciligo, Amber R.. The Organic Center; Estados Unidos | Fil: Snapp, Sieglinde. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center; México | Fil: Snyder, William E.. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos | Fil: Steffan Dewenter, Ingolf. Julius Maximilians Universitat Wurzburg. Biozentrum; Alemania | Fil: Stratton, Anne Elise. University of Michigan; Estados Unidos | Fil: Taylor, Joseph M.. University of Georgia; Estados Unidos | Fil: Tscharntke, Teja. Universität Göttingen; Alemania | Fil: Valencia, Vivian. University of Agriculture Wageningen; Países Bajos | Fil: Vogel, Cassandra. Julius Maximilians Universitat Wurzburg. Biozentrum; Alemania | Fil: Kremen, Claire. University of British Columbia; Canadá

Agricultural simplification continues to expand at the expense of more diverse forms of agriculture. This simplification, for example, in the form of intensively managed monocultures, poses a risk to keeping the world within safe and just Earth system boundaries. Here, we estimated how agricultural diversification simultaneously affects social and environmental outcomes. Drawing from 24 studies in 11 countries across 2655 farms, we show how five diversification strategies focusing on livestock, crops, soils, noncrop plantings, and water conservation benefit social (e.g., human well-being, yields, and food security) and environmental (e.g., biodiversity, ecosystem services, and reduced environmental externalities) outcomes. We found that applying multiple diversification strategies creates more positive outcomes than individual management strategies alone. To realize these benefits, well-designed policies are needed to incentivize the adoption of multiple diversification strategies in unison.

Agricultural simplification continues to expand at the expense of more diverse forms of agriculture. This simplification, for example, in the form of intensively managed monocultures, poses a risk to keeping the world within safe and just Earth system boundaries. Here, we estimated how agricultural diversification simultaneously affects social and environmental outcomes. Drawing from 24 studies in 11 countries across 2655 farms, we show how five diversification strategies focusing on livestock, crops, soils, noncrop plantings, and water conservation benefit social (e.g., human well-being, yields, and food security) and environmental (e.g., biodiversity, ecosystem services, and reduced environmental externalities) outcomes. We found that applying multiple diversification strategies creates more positive outcomes than individual management strategies alone. To realize these benefits, well-designed policies are needed to incentivize the adoption of multiple diversification strategies in unison.

International audience | Specialized or secondary metabolites are small molecules of biological origin, often showing potent biological activities with applications in agriculture, engineering and medicine. Usually, the biosynthesis of these natural products is governed by sets of co-regulated and physically clustered genes known as biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). To share information about BGCs in a standardized and machine-readable way, the Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster (MIBiG) data standard and repository was initiated in 2015. Since its conception, MIBiG has been regularly updated to expand data coverage and remain up to date with innovations in natural product research. Here, we describe MIBiG version 4.0, an extensive update to the data repository and the underlying data standard. In a massive community annotation effort, 267 contributors performed 8304 edits, creating 557 new entries and modifying 590 existing entries, resulting in a new total of 3059 curated entries in MIBiG. Particular attention was paid to ensuring high data quality, with automated data validation using a newly developed custom submission portal prototype, paired with a novel peer-reviewing model. MIBiG 4.0 also takes steps towards a rolling release model and a broader involvement of the scientific community. MIBiG 4.0 is accessible online at https://mibig.secondarymetabolites.org/.

Specialized or secondary metabolites are small molecules of biological origin, often showing potent biological activities with applications in agriculture, engineering and medicine. Usually, the biosynthesis of these natural products is governed by sets of co-regulated and physically clustered genes known as biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). To share information about BGCs in a standardized and machine-readable way, the Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster (MIBiG) data standard and repository was initiated in 2015. Since its conception, MIBiG has been regularly updated to expand data coverage and remain up to date with innovations in natural product research. Here, we describe MIBiG version 4.0, an extensive update to the data repository and the underlying data standard. In a massive community annotation effort, 267 contributors performed 8304 edits, creating 557 new entries and modifying 590 existing entries, resulting in a new total of 3059 curated entries in MIBiG. Particular attention was paid to ensuring high data quality, with automated data validation using a newly developed custom submission portal prototype, paired with a novel peer-reviewing model. MIBiG 4.0 also takes steps towards a rolling release model and a broader involvement of the scientific community. MIBiG 4.0 is accessible online at https://mibig.secondarymetabolites.org/.