Living with Floods Using State-of-the-Art and Geospatial Techniques: Flood Mitigation Alternatives, Management Measures, and Policy Recommendations

Flood, a distinctive natural calamity, has occurred more frequently in the last few decades all over the world, which is often an unexpected and inevitable natural hazard, but the losses and damages can be managed and controlled by adopting effective measures. In recent times, flood hazard susceptibility mapping has become a prime concern in minimizing the worst impact of this global threat: but the nonlinear relationship between several flood causative factors and the dynamicity of risk levels makes it complicated and confronted with substantial challenges to reliable assessment. Therefore, we have considered SVM, RF, and ANN&mdash:three distinctive ML algorithms in the GIS platform&mdash:to delineate the flood hazard risk zones of the subtropical Kangsabati river basin, West Bengal, India: which experienced frequent flood events because of intense rainfall throughout the monsoon season. In our study, all adopted ML algorithms are more efficient in solving all the non-linear problems in flood hazard risk assessment: multi-collinearity analysis and Pearson&rsquo:s correlation coefficient techniques have been used to identify the collinearity issues among all fifteen adopted flood causative factors. In this research, the predicted results are evaluated through six prominent and reliable statistical (&ldquo:AUC-ROC, specificity, sensitivity, PPV, NPV, F-score&rdquo:) and one graphical (Taylor diagram) technique and shows that ANN is the most reliable modeling approach followed by RF and SVM models. The values of AUC in the ANN model for the training and validation datasets are 0.901 and 0.891, respectively. The derived result states that about 7.54% and 10.41% of areas accordingly lie under the high and extremely high flood danger risk zones. Thus, this study can help the decision-makers in constructing the proper strategy at the regional and national levels to mitigate the flood hazard in a particular region. This type of information may be helpful to the various authorities to implement this outcome in various spheres of decision making. Apart from this, future researchers are also able to conduct their research byconsidering this methodology in flood susceptibility assessment.