Monitoring Sea Currents with Midrange Acoustic Backscattering

This paper is devoted to an acoustical method of measuring mesoscale sea and ocean currents. Due to the fact that such currents exhibit variability, long-term studies are of great interest. The aim of this study is to prepare a physical foundation to organize current measurements in an automated way using stationary mounted underwater echosounding systems. An acoustic system operating at a frequency of 1&ndash:3 kHz (lower than commercial frequencies) that is capable of sensing echo signals from natural inhomogeneities located at distances of 1 to 10 km was tested. The test was conducted during a two-week marine experiment on the northern shelf of the Black Sea. The acoustic system was mounted on a platform together with a weather station and other tools that provided reference values for further comparison. Scattering from moving particles, as well as from wind waves, provides a general opportunity for sensing of currents at remote points. Since most scatterers exist at a depth of at least 2 m or on the surface, the proposed sensing method is going specialized for currents in upper layers. However, analysis of Doppler spectra of the actual returning (reverberation) signal showed that this kind of scattering was mixed with bottom reverberation (which contains no additional frequency shift), and other signal distortions were present. Thus, we proposed a new method of signal processing that is aware of the regional environment. The described method is based on machine learning, namely on gradient boosting to build decision trees, which compute water current properties. Such a computational routine is preceded by an original acoustic signal feature extraction process. Finally, a precision of an order of magnitude was achieved, and a sensing distance of at least 2 km was proven as a result of this study carried out with available instruments.