Microalgae-Assisted Treatment of Wastewater Originating from Varied Sources, Particularly in the Context of Heavy Metals and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

The increasing prevalence of heavy metals and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater (WW) raises serious environmental and public health concerns. This study investigates the efficiency of the microalgal strain Chlorella vulgaris EV-465 in treating wastewater and evaluates the antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial strains obtained from WW samples. Chlorella vulgaris EV-465 was used to treat four types of wastewater&mdash:domestic, municipal, hospital, and industrial wastewater&mdash:through 21 days of incubation. The findings demonstrated pH stabilization and significant decreases in nutrients (total nitrogen&mdash:TN, total phosphorus&mdash:TP), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy metal (HM) concentrations, and bacterial count. Copper (Cu) showed the highest reduction, decreasing by 80% in industrial wastewater within 14 days, while lead (Pb) proved more resistant to removal, with only a 50% decrease by day 21. Additionally, the algae decreased bacterial counts, lowering colony-forming units (Log CFU/mL) from 9.04 to 4.65 in municipal wastewater over the 21-day period. Antibiotic susceptibility tests for isolated bacterial strains revealed high levels of resistance, with seven out of nine bacterial strains exhibiting multidrug resistance. Notably, Enterococcus faecium (PBI08), Acinetobacter baumannii (YBH19), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NBH16) displayed resistance to all nine antibiotics tested. Among the tested antibiotics, Ciprofloxacin showed the highest efficacy, with 66% susceptibility of tested bacterial strains. Cluster and phylogenetic analyses showed that the majority of the isolated bacterial strains belonged to the genera Pseudomonas and Escherichia, highlighting their genetic diversity and varied resistance mechanisms.