Effect of Frying Temperature on Lipid Binding, Fatty Acid Composition, and Nutritional Quality of Fish Crackers Prepared from Carp (Ciprinus carpio L.) and Tapioca Starch (Manihot esculentus)

Background: The growing consumption of snack foods such as chips driving demand for healthier, more nutritious alternatives. This study investigated the effect of frying temperature on oil absorption, oil binding capacity, and fatty acid composition of fish-based snacks made from a 1:1 ratio of tapioca starch and carp meat obtained after the separation of the remains of its industrial filleting. Methods: The snacks were deep-fried at 160 &deg:C, 170 &deg:C, and 180 &deg:C, and analyzed for expansion, oil absorption, oil binding capacity, fatty acid profiles, and nutritional indices. Oxidation levels and free fatty acids were also measured, ensuring compliance with legal limits. Results: Deep-frying at 180 &deg:C resulted in significantly higher snack expansion (95.20%) than the 50% expansion observed at 160 &deg:C and 170 &deg:C. However, snacks deep-fried at 180 &deg:C absorbed the most oil (29.07%) and exhibited the lowest oil binding capacity (8.84%), whereas deep-frying at 160 &deg:C and 170 &deg:C led to oil binding capacities of 15.83% and 18.58%, respectively. Fatty acid profiles also showed temperature-dependent changes, with increased oil absorption reducing omega-3 to omega-6 ratios. Importantly, deep-frying for 45 s at all temperatures did not lead to excessive oxidation or free fatty acid levels beyond regulatory thresholds. Nutritional indices of the deep-fried product were comparable to those of vegetable oils, while before deep-frying, they resembled those of seafood products like shellfish and seaweed. Conclusions: While higher frying temperatures improve the texture and expansion of fish-based snacks, they also increase oil absorption and reduce oil binding. Based on these findings, deep-frying at 180 &deg:C was suggested as the optimal condition to balance product texture, oil absorption, and nutritional quality, making the snacks a healthier alternative to conventional deep-fried products.